{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387448627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3317297","title":"Ship Emission Reduction via Energy-Saving Formation","display_name":"Ship Emission Reduction via Energy-Saving Formation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387448627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3317297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3317297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3317297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033787307","display_name":"Yangying He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-6434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yangying He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009790298","display_name":"Linying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-4354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089866744","display_name":"Junmin Mou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-4604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junmin Mou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017112136","display_name":"Qingsong Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-5554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingsong Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Green and Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Cruise and Yacht Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green and Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Cruise and Yacht Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077647896","display_name":"Yamin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yamin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the Intelligent Transport and Traffic Safety Research Center (ITSC), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the Intelligent Transport and Traffic Safety Research Center (ITSC), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335055","display_name":"Pengfei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, and the School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079855316","display_name":"Song Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-9159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033787307"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.507,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80404273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"2599","last_page":"2614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11604","display_name":"Ship Hydrodynamics and Maneuverability","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12806","display_name":"Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.6284599304199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.548285186290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5062493681907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5004415512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.484077125787735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4625953733921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.45479634404182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4289623498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4151993989944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3807924687862396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.3645475506782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3522457480430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34914839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.2500140070915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.18313324451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1718716323375702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.1642053723335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.0845637321472168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.6284599304199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.548285186290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5062493681907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5004415512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.484077125787735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4625953733921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.45479634404182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4289623498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4151993989944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3807924687862396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3645475506782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3522457480430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34914839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.2500140070915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.18313324451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1718716323375702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1642053723335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0845637321472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3317297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3317297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3550052407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52001242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6069265277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52001241","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G735037310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52271364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7553084560","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52101402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G932897937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52271367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91932901","https://openalex.org/W2013875068","https://openalex.org/W2038352920","https://openalex.org/W2142502926","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2561809523","https://openalex.org/W2571154598","https://openalex.org/W2579070534","https://openalex.org/W2596747741","https://openalex.org/W2766748528","https://openalex.org/W2791785732","https://openalex.org/W2804011984","https://openalex.org/W2912388609","https://openalex.org/W2912705167","https://openalex.org/W2945585301","https://openalex.org/W3006408222","https://openalex.org/W3012070741","https://openalex.org/W3019042437","https://openalex.org/W3022929576","https://openalex.org/W3047515305","https://openalex.org/W3088055999","https://openalex.org/W3094071795","https://openalex.org/W3094087090","https://openalex.org/W3102814059","https://openalex.org/W3124695286","https://openalex.org/W3130560132","https://openalex.org/W3137938875","https://openalex.org/W3149729121","https://openalex.org/W3174507020","https://openalex.org/W3179921552","https://openalex.org/W3210704786","https://openalex.org/W3217276054","https://openalex.org/W3217536686","https://openalex.org/W4210523854","https://openalex.org/W4214649867","https://openalex.org/W4220966408","https://openalex.org/W4220968942","https://openalex.org/W4223960287","https://openalex.org/W4226248590","https://openalex.org/W4226358165","https://openalex.org/W4280506740","https://openalex.org/W4287890986","https://openalex.org/W6603746958","https://openalex.org/W6791776796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006251942","https://openalex.org/W2364741597","https://openalex.org/W1492103595","https://openalex.org/W1864774435","https://openalex.org/W946352265","https://openalex.org/W3020787026","https://openalex.org/W2334479858","https://openalex.org/W1493245244","https://openalex.org/W155705146","https://openalex.org/W3012733398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,182,225],"importance":[1],"of":[2,142,166,174,221,227,238],"Maritime":[3],"transportation":[4],"energy":[5,34,101],"conservation":[6],"and":[7,48,61,147,189],"emission":[8,190],"reduction":[9,191],"has":[10],"been":[11],"increasingly":[12],"recognized.":[13],"A":[14,126],"novel":[15],"bio-inspired":[16],"method":[17,60],"utilizing":[18,235],"the":[19,37,42,57,63,104,139,151,160,171,186,212,216,222,236],"favorable":[20],"hydrodynamic":[21],"interaction":[22],"in":[23,28,76,98,144,156,240],"ship":[24,108,223],"convoys":[25],"is":[26,135],"introduced":[27],"this":[29,228],"paper":[30],"to":[31,55,94,137,149,179,195,219],"achieve":[32],"an":[33],"bonus":[35,237],"for":[36,154,234],"whole":[38],"formation":[39,99],"system":[40],"or/and":[41],"members.":[43],"Firstly,":[44],"grid":[45,58],"convergence":[46],"analysis":[47],"virtual":[49],"captive":[50],"model":[51,128],"tests":[52],"are":[53,74,111,177],"conducted":[54],"verify":[56],"discretization":[59],"validate":[62],"adopted":[64],"numerical":[65],"method.":[66],"Following":[67],"this,":[68],"simulations":[69],"based":[70,129,169],"on":[71,107,130,170],"STAR":[72],"CCM+":[73],"performed":[75],"different":[77,145,157],"configurations":[78],"at":[79,203],"low":[80],"speeds":[81,116],"(":[82,117],"<inline-formula":[83,118,197,204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[84,119,198,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[85,120,199,206],"<tex-math":[86,121,200,207],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$Fr":[87],"=":[88],"0.0479":[89],"\\sim":[90],"0.0958$</tex-math>":[91],"</inline-formula>":[92,124,202,209],")":[93],"reveal":[95],"how":[96],"sailing":[97,239],"affects":[100],"consumption.":[102],"Then,":[103],"speed":[105],"effects":[106],"convoy":[109],"resistance":[110,140],"investigated":[112],"with":[113],"two":[114],"specific":[115],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$Fr=0.0958,":[122],"0.2$</tex-math>":[123],").":[125],"generalized":[127],"support":[131,233],"vector":[132],"regression":[133],"(SVR)":[134],"established":[136],"evaluate":[138],"characteristics":[141],"ships":[143,155,217],"layouts":[146],"velocities":[148],"find":[150],"optimal":[152],"configuration":[153],"scenarios.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"computational":[161],"fluid":[162],"dynamics":[163],"(CFD)":[164],"results":[165,183],"model-scale":[167],"ships,":[168],"VOF":[172],"(Volume":[173],"Fluid)":[175],"method,":[176],"extrapolated":[178],"full-scale":[180],"ships.":[181],"show":[184],"that":[185],"fuel":[187],"savings":[188],"could":[192,230],"reach":[193],"up":[194],"5.09":[196],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math>":[201],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$Fr$</tex-math>":[208],"=0.2":[210],"when":[211],"longitudinal":[213],"distance":[214],"between":[215],"equals":[218],"1.125":[220],"length.":[224],"conclusions":[226],"work":[229],"provide":[231],"theoretical":[232],"formation.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
