{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386432313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3298320","title":"Structural Charging and Replenishment Policies for Battery Swapping Charging System Operation Under Uncertainty","display_name":"Structural Charging and Replenishment Policies for Battery Swapping Charging System Operation Under Uncertainty","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386432313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3298320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3298320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3298320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101495999","display_name":"Shuai Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322847","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-1263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012805347","display_name":"Quansheng Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanxue Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028612373","display_name":"Yunjian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-8032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67532483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"14598","last_page":"14609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11690","display_name":"Advanced battery technologies research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5158857107162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5066621899604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4897346496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.46872198581695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.44718137383461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4321766495704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42611706256866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.416268914937973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.4129369854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4091823101043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.301259845495224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29425084590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27507323026657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.17553573846817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.15711647272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1555652916431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12043094635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08816099166870117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5158857107162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5066621899604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4897346496582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.46872198581695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.44718137383461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4321766495704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42611706256866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.416268914937973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.4129369854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4091823101043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.301259845495224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29425084590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27507323026657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.17553573846817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.15711647272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1555652916431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12043094635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08816099166870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3298320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3298320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3945135048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14200720","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334890","funder_display_name":"University Research Committee, University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4058028531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334890","display_name":"University Research Committee, University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965998608","https://openalex.org/W2009395351","https://openalex.org/W2078834385","https://openalex.org/W2079082996","https://openalex.org/W2130184319","https://openalex.org/W2135178929","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2292607291","https://openalex.org/W2297850951","https://openalex.org/W2502010948","https://openalex.org/W2551081856","https://openalex.org/W2587030715","https://openalex.org/W2694510882","https://openalex.org/W2766955960","https://openalex.org/W2770275145","https://openalex.org/W2780514579","https://openalex.org/W2899528136","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2914044374","https://openalex.org/W2946646964","https://openalex.org/W2962781503","https://openalex.org/W3000493974","https://openalex.org/W3016228254","https://openalex.org/W3016886524","https://openalex.org/W3034444308","https://openalex.org/W3048858172","https://openalex.org/W3089732347","https://openalex.org/W3113236992","https://openalex.org/W3119866538","https://openalex.org/W3128715451","https://openalex.org/W3188838207","https://openalex.org/W3198723388","https://openalex.org/W3211547338","https://openalex.org/W4200476387","https://openalex.org/W4206267795","https://openalex.org/W4206795897","https://openalex.org/W4226153134","https://openalex.org/W4229045041","https://openalex.org/W4285120868","https://openalex.org/W4285205124","https://openalex.org/W4285237905","https://openalex.org/W4285306989","https://openalex.org/W4315778359","https://openalex.org/W6681529571","https://openalex.org/W6743802245","https://openalex.org/W6747473740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W1987679298","https://openalex.org/W2963177394","https://openalex.org/W4313359513","https://openalex.org/W2498744856","https://openalex.org/W4390482104","https://openalex.org/W322408318","https://openalex.org/W149041114","https://openalex.org/W1965815883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,27],"study":[1],"the":[2,29,41,45,54,68,81,86,94,97,110,120,124,134,138,157,179,207],"joint":[3,61],"battery":[4,11,145],"charging":[5,13,49,121,202],"and":[6,24,50,53,75,89,113,123,192,203,206],"replenishment":[7,51,135,204],"scheduling":[8,62],"of":[9,44,57,83,96,140,194],"a":[10,32,144,162],"swapping":[12,146],"system":[14,87],"(BSCS)":[15],"considering":[16],"random":[17],"electric":[18],"vehicle":[19],"(EV)":[20],"arrivals,":[21,72],"renewable":[22,73],"generation,":[23,74],"electricity":[25,76],"prices.":[26],"formulate":[28],"problem":[30,63],"as":[31,78,80],"Markov":[33],"decision":[34],"process":[35],"with":[36],"an":[37],"objective":[38],"to":[39,67,102,161],"minimize":[40],"expected":[42],"sum":[43],"operation":[46],"cost":[47,56,197],"(battery":[48],"cost)":[52],"waiting":[55],"EV":[58,71],"customers.":[59],"The":[60],"is":[64,148,159],"challenging":[65],"due":[66],"stochasticity":[69],"in":[70,85],"prices,":[77],"well":[79],"curse":[82],"dimensionality":[84],"state":[88],"action":[90,98],"spaces.":[91],"To":[92],"reduce":[93],"dimension":[95],"space,":[99],"we":[100],"propose":[101],"integrate":[103],"structural":[104,201],"properties":[105],"into":[106,119,133],"BSCS":[107],"operation,":[108],"i.e.,":[109],"threshold-charging":[111],"(TC)":[112],"least":[114],"demand":[115],"first":[116],"(LDF)":[117],"structures":[118],"policy,":[122],"<inline-formula":[125,150,165,182],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[126,151,166,183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[127,152,167,184],"<tex-math":[128,153,168,185],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$(s,":[129,186],"S)$":[130,187],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[131,155,170,188],"structure":[132],"policy":[136],"(when":[137],"number":[139],"fully-charged":[141],"batteries":[142],"at":[143],"station":[147],"below":[149],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$s$":[154],",":[156],"inventory":[158],"replenished":[160],"higher":[163],"threshold":[164],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$S$":[169],").":[171],"Numerical":[172],"experiments":[173],"on":[174],"real-world":[175],"data":[176],"show":[177],"that":[178],"proposed":[180],"SAC+TC+":[181],"approach":[189],"saves":[190],"7.16%-78.61%":[191],"6.53%-93.73%":[193],"total":[195],"average":[196],"resulting":[198],"from":[199],"various":[200],"policies":[205],"vanilla":[208],"soft":[209],"actor-critic":[210],"(SAC)":[211],"algorithm":[212],"under":[213],"different":[214],"settings.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}