{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385338568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3296567","title":"A Probabilistic Framework for Estimating the Risk of Pedestrian-Vehicle Conflicts at Intersections","display_name":"A Probabilistic Framework for Estimating the Risk of Pedestrian-Vehicle Conflicts at Intersections","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385338568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3296567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3296567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3296567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707707","display_name":"Pei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7512-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7512-3705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004502599","display_name":"Huizhong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-1735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizhong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-1735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059538936","display_name":"Shan Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0768-5538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0768-5538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032965719","display_name":"Arpan Kusari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-9043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpan Kusari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-9043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100707707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95476529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"14111","last_page":"14120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.8472633957862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7505373954772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.7304558753967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5620164275169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-conflict","display_name":"Traffic conflict","score":0.532439112663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4681549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-crossing","display_name":"Pedestrian crossing","score":0.4571078419685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.43545275926589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.43177932500839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4069526791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3175013065338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.2857445478439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17649546265602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10962960124015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-car-data","display_name":"Floating car data","score":0.09275412559509277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.8472633957862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7505373954772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7304558753967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5620164275169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178944661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832489","display_name":"Traffic conflict","level":4,"score":0.532439112663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4681549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777819797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8010","display_name":"Pedestrian crossing","level":3,"score":0.4571078419685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.43545275926589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.43177932500839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4069526791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3175013065338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.2857445478439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17649546265602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10962960124015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64093975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356677","display_name":"Floating car data","level":3,"score":0.09275412559509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3296567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3296567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135870413","https://openalex.org/W174926955","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1966822777","https://openalex.org/W1973554410","https://openalex.org/W1983219589","https://openalex.org/W2007500067","https://openalex.org/W2007978129","https://openalex.org/W2042633954","https://openalex.org/W2120857249","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2152444964","https://openalex.org/W2155791515","https://openalex.org/W2161309151","https://openalex.org/W2334470880","https://openalex.org/W2509270060","https://openalex.org/W2788178650","https://openalex.org/W2792621138","https://openalex.org/W2804446681","https://openalex.org/W2894415171","https://openalex.org/W2897326341","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3008653308","https://openalex.org/W3011541886","https://openalex.org/W3014883200","https://openalex.org/W4200167358","https://openalex.org/W4250108803","https://openalex.org/W4320015756","https://openalex.org/W4323654613","https://openalex.org/W6607121770","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6690128809","https://openalex.org/W6713925944","https://openalex.org/W6755463424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W187110833","https://openalex.org/W2905794575","https://openalex.org/W122740207","https://openalex.org/W4388221821","https://openalex.org/W650967530","https://openalex.org/W4390813505","https://openalex.org/W1966094972","https://openalex.org/W1969216335","https://openalex.org/W1486225309","https://openalex.org/W3172487415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pedestrian":[0],"safety":[1,19,24,245],"has":[2,27,80,126],"become":[3],"a":[4,82,154,206,218],"critical":[5],"issue":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,35,69,163,232],"the":[9,32,46,73,87,100,116,158,185,202,223],"increase":[10],"in":[11,192,210],"pedestrian":[12,37,244],"crashes":[13],"every":[14],"year,":[15],"while":[16,215],"proactive":[17,243],"traffic":[18],"management":[20],"based":[21,44,59],"on":[22,45,60],"surrogate":[23],"measures":[25],"(SSMs)":[26],"been":[28,127],"considered":[29],"one":[30],"of":[31,75,89,102,118,157,194,208,212,220],"key":[33],"approaches":[34],"improving":[36],"safety.":[38],"However,":[39],"existing":[40,76],"SSMs":[41],"are":[42,63],"developed":[43],"assumption":[47,62],"that":[48,161,184],"road":[49],"users":[50],"will":[51],"maintain":[52],"constant":[53],"speed":[54],"and":[55,66,104,111,132,198],"direction.":[56],"Risk":[57],"estimations":[58],"this":[61,78],"less":[64,228],"stable":[65],"more":[67],"likely":[68],"be":[70],"exaggerated.":[71],"Considering":[72],"limitations":[74],"SSMs,":[77],"study":[79],"proposed":[81,95,124,186,203,224],"probabilistic":[83],"framework":[84,96,125,187,204,225],"for":[85,242],"estimating":[86],"risk":[88,146],"pedestrian-vehicle":[90,149],"conflicts":[91,172],"at":[92,136,247],"intersections.":[93,248],"The":[94,123,139],"works":[97],"by":[98],"predicting":[99],"trajectories":[101],"vehicles":[103,119],"pedestrians":[105],"using":[106,129,180],"Gaussian":[107],"process":[108],"regression":[109],"models":[110],"incorporating":[112],"these":[113],"results":[114,141,179],"with":[115],"probability":[117,156],"making":[120],"different":[121,175],"maneuvers.":[122],"evaluated":[128],"both":[130],"simulated":[131],"real-world":[133,181],"data":[134,182],"collected":[135],"an":[137,143,239],"intersection.":[138],"simulation":[140],"validated":[142],"increased":[144],"estimated":[145],"given":[147],"time-critical":[148],"conflicts,":[150],"as":[151,153],"well":[152],"higher":[155],"vehicle":[159],"maneuver":[160],"led":[162],"such":[164],"conflicts.":[165],"This":[166],"observation":[167],"remained":[168],"even":[169],"when":[170],"multiple":[171],"arose":[173],"from":[174],"directions.":[176],"Moreover,":[177],"experimental":[178],"suggested":[183],"outperformed":[188],"traditional":[189],"time-to-collision":[190],"(TTC)":[191],"terms":[193,211],"conflict":[195,213],"prediction,":[196,214],"quantification,":[197],"localization.":[199],"For":[200],"example,":[201],"had":[205,217],"sensitivity":[207,219],"0.92":[209],"TTC":[216],"0.62.":[221],"Furthermore,":[222],"required":[226],"much":[227],"computation":[229],"time":[230],"compared":[231],"deep":[233],"learning":[234],"methods,":[235],"which":[236],"made":[237],"it":[238],"optimal":[240],"choice":[241],"solutions":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
