{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385338870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3294411","title":"GLARE: A Dataset for Traffic Sign Detection in Sun Glare","display_name":"GLARE: A Dataset for Traffic Sign Detection in Sun Glare","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385338870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3294411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3294411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3294411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037502499","display_name":"Nick Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073067004","display_name":"Megan Moraes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3565-138X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan Moraes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021438219","display_name":"Jiang Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-1989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","Baidu Research Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Research Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783910","display_name":"Alex Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3656-4284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799975351","display_name":"Uplift Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn94a79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799975351"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trinity Preparatory School, Orlando, FL, USA","Department of Computer Science, Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity Preparatory School, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799975351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037756039","display_name":"Allen Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2989-3776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142467","display_name":"Chapel Hill Carrboro City Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/04rh36p62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142467"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chapel Hill High School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chapel Hill High School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070273059","display_name":"Kurt M. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-1451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764456","display_name":"Yan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0575-0156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081254155","display_name":"Haoyi Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-3253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyi Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Research Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Research Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067621571","display_name":"Zhishan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-1058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhishan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037502499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95152092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"12323","last_page":"12330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glare","display_name":"GLARE","score":0.83860182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.7764062881469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6529818773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.6095620393753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5438287258148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46998608112335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44528689980506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13494572043418884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194130854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529438","display_name":"GLARE","level":3,"score":0.83860182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.7764062881469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6529818773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6095620393753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5438287258148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46998608112335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44528689980506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13494572043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3294411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3294411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6311521850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1850851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8389159917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2028481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1961392663","https://openalex.org/W1978736542","https://openalex.org/W1979596264","https://openalex.org/W2002427601","https://openalex.org/W2067713319","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2126628495","https://openalex.org/W2131282214","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2479866714","https://openalex.org/W2509131947","https://openalex.org/W2792806930","https://openalex.org/W2962951509","https://openalex.org/W2962989418","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2970268874","https://openalex.org/W3092462694","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3108907096","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3184439416","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4214712044","https://openalex.org/W4220935909","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6724864927","https://openalex.org/W6764322716","https://openalex.org/W6778485988","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6798838024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782","https://openalex.org/W2772251146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"object":[3],"detection":[4,166,195],"algorithms":[5,23],"are":[6],"often":[7],"found":[8],"within":[9],"autonomous":[10],"vehicle":[11],"technology":[12],"and":[13,66,212],"depend":[14],"on":[15,163,198,217],"quality":[16],"datasets.":[17],"It":[18,136],"is":[19,39,89],"essential":[20,139],"that":[21,153,190],"these":[22],"work":[24],"correctly":[25],"in":[26,132,167,172,203],"everyday":[27],"conditions":[28,168,221],"as":[29,31,54],"well":[30],"under":[32,107],"strong":[33],"sun":[34,79,121,170,204],"glare.":[35],"Reports":[36],"indicate":[37],"glare":[38,80,171,205],"one":[40],"of":[41,78,101,117,127,130,185,200,210,220,225],"the":[42,55,67,76,86,133,142,173],"two":[43],"most":[44],"prominent":[45],"environment-related":[46],"reasons":[47],"for":[48,57],"crashes.":[49],"However,":[50],"existing":[51],"datasets,":[52],"such":[53],"Laboratory":[56],"Intelligent":[58],"&":[59],"Safe":[60],"Automobiles":[61],"Traffic":[62,69,146],"Sign":[63,70,147],"(LISA)":[64],"Dataset":[65],"German":[68],"Recognition":[71],"Benchmark,":[72],"do":[73],"not":[74],"reflect":[75],"existence":[77],"at":[81],"all.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"presents":[85],"GLARE":[87,113,181],"(GLARE":[88],"available":[90],"at:":[91],"<uri":[92],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/NicholasCG/GLARE_Dataset</uri>":[94],")":[95],"traffic":[96,105,118,164,201],"sign":[97,165],"dataset:":[98],"a":[99,218],"collection":[100],"images":[102,116,199],"with":[103,120],"U.S-based":[104],"signs":[106,119,202],"heavy":[108],"visual":[109],"interference":[110],"by":[111],"sunlight.":[112],"contains":[114],"2,157":[115],"glare,":[122],"pulled":[123],"from":[124],"33":[125],"videos":[126],"dashcam":[128],"footage":[129],"roads":[131],"United":[134],"States.":[135],"provides":[137],"an":[138],"enrichment":[140],"to":[141],"widely":[143],"used":[144],"LISA":[145],"dataset.":[148],"Our":[149],"experimental":[150],"study":[151],"shows":[152],"although":[154],"several":[155],"state-of-the-art":[156],"baseline":[157],"architectures":[158,192],"have":[159,193],"demonstrated":[160],"good":[161],"performance":[162,206],"without":[169],"past,":[174],"they":[175],"performed":[176],"poorly":[177],"when":[178,196,215],"tested":[179],"against":[180],"(e.g.,":[182,207,222],"average":[183,208,223],"mAP0.5:0.95":[184,209,224],"19.4).":[186],"We":[187],"also":[188],"notice":[189],"current":[191],"better":[194],"trained":[197,216],"39.6),":[211],"perform":[213],"best":[214],"mixture":[219],"42.3).":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}