{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384519337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3291493","title":"\u201cIs Not the Truth the Truth?\u201d: Analyzing the Impact of User Validations for Bus In/Out Detection in Smartphone-Based Surveys","display_name":"\u201cIs Not the Truth the Truth?\u201d: Analyzing the Impact of User Validations for Bus In/Out Detection in Smartphone-Based Surveys","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384519337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3291493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3291493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3291493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11961.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021496721","display_name":"Valentino Servizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentino Servizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-0350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009538559","display_name":"Dan Roland Persson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4258-6949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Roland Persson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001424439","display_name":"Francisco C. Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-9909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Camara Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-9909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055354384","display_name":"Hannah Villadsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107707843","display_name":"Roskilde University","ror":"https://ror.org/014axpa37","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107707843"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Villadsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107707843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034622634","display_name":"Per B\u00e6kgaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-1128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per B\u00e6kgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-1128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052513075","display_name":"Inon Peled","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-7976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inon Peled","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035078471","display_name":"Otto Anker Nielsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otto Anker Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84849467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"11905","last_page":"11920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6941194534301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6379731893539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6097370386123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.49633389711380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.4819083511829376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4598034918308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3881513476371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37897789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3304134011268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13318780064582825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6941194534301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6379731893539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6097370386123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.49633389711380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.4819083511829376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4598034918308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3881513476371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37897789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3304134011268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13318780064582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3291493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3291493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/758bbc3b-fc40-4b4c-a68b-ee25641dcc09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://forskning.ruc.dk/da/publications/758bbc3b-fc40-4b4c-a68b-ee25641dcc09","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11961.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401457","display_name":"RUCforsk (Roskilde University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I107707843","host_organization_name":"Roskilde University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107707843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Servizi, V, Persson, D R, Pereira, F C, Villadsen, H, Baekgaard, P, Peled, I & Nielsen, O A 2023, '\"Is Not the Truth the Truth?\" : Analyzing the Impact of User Validations for Bus In/Out Detection in Smartphone-Based Surveys', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 11905 - 11920. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3291493","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/758bbc3b-fc40-4b4c-a68b-ee25641dcc09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://forskning.ruc.dk/da/publications/758bbc3b-fc40-4b4c-a68b-ee25641dcc09","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11961.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401457","display_name":"RUCforsk (Roskilde University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I107707843","host_organization_name":"Roskilde University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107707843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Servizi, V, Persson, D R, Pereira, F C, Villadsen, H, Baekgaard, P, Peled, I & Nielsen, O A 2023, '\"Is Not the Truth the Truth?\" : Analyzing the Impact of User Validations for Bus In/Out Detection in Smartphone-Based Surveys', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 11905 - 11920. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3291493","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337765","display_name":"Urban Innovative Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384519337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384519337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151377110","https://openalex.org/W1572720249","https://openalex.org/W1577432168","https://openalex.org/W1596345407","https://openalex.org/W1630959083","https://openalex.org/W1666942233","https://openalex.org/W1866072925","https://openalex.org/W1921293667","https://openalex.org/W1932503975","https://openalex.org/W1994550352","https://openalex.org/W1998379585","https://openalex.org/W2016714637","https://openalex.org/W2024172999","https://openalex.org/W2027444427","https://openalex.org/W2028893095","https://openalex.org/W2093937741","https://openalex.org/W2099473180","https://openalex.org/W2102348129","https://openalex.org/W2114056690","https://openalex.org/W2124834456","https://openalex.org/W2125865219","https://openalex.org/W2130578587","https://openalex.org/W2131799829","https://openalex.org/W2132023300","https://openalex.org/W2133747588","https://openalex.org/W2143802618","https://openalex.org/W2146849125","https://openalex.org/W2165932235","https://openalex.org/W2198480218","https://openalex.org/W2285540181","https://openalex.org/W2320046825","https://openalex.org/W2409702070","https://openalex.org/W2490662969","https://openalex.org/W2533649976","https://openalex.org/W2535448655","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2558661413","https://openalex.org/W2606105273","https://openalex.org/W2618574054","https://openalex.org/W2768744278","https://openalex.org/W2771098373","https://openalex.org/W2801602507","https://openalex.org/W2807269292","https://openalex.org/W2922081184","https://openalex.org/W2963677766","https://openalex.org/W2963746531","https://openalex.org/W2964273174","https://openalex.org/W2964309657","https://openalex.org/W2967052791","https://openalex.org/W2967988901","https://openalex.org/W2979501189","https://openalex.org/W3003508442","https://openalex.org/W3035373417","https://openalex.org/W3035702670","https://openalex.org/W3040404137","https://openalex.org/W3095587755","https://openalex.org/W3100287269","https://openalex.org/W3213764534","https://openalex.org/W4293409613","https://openalex.org/W6634369081","https://openalex.org/W6636599907","https://openalex.org/W6639331287","https://openalex.org/W6640832198","https://openalex.org/W6675944832","https://openalex.org/W6676424041","https://openalex.org/W6677082149","https://openalex.org/W6678280073","https://openalex.org/W6714546190","https://openalex.org/W6729812090","https://openalex.org/W6737985840","https://openalex.org/W6745535286","https://openalex.org/W6747898760","https://openalex.org/W6768967079","https://openalex.org/W6779833867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2362681120","https://openalex.org/W2376320007","https://openalex.org/W4376643979","https://openalex.org/W2322402661","https://openalex.org/W2593280956","https://openalex.org/W2004312940","https://openalex.org/W1909961747","https://openalex.org/W1938318326","https://openalex.org/W1969479488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"of":[1,105,132,194,225,241],"passenger":[2,87,107],"flow":[3,30],"underpins":[4],"any":[5],"optimal":[6],"public":[7],"transport":[8],"application,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,167,169,204],"new":[12],"facilities":[13],"design":[14],"and":[15,21,31,34,43,49,53,66,75,123,154,164,176,184,208],"operations.":[16],"The":[17,55,96,129,187,223],"interactions":[18],"between":[19],"passengers":[20],"sensors":[22],"may":[23,46],"provide":[24],"the":[25,37,59,139,142,145,201,238],"foundation":[26],"to":[27,63,196],"measure":[28],"this":[29,110],"dismiss":[32],"users":[33],"staff":[35],"from":[36],"measures\u2019":[38,51],"validation":[39,148,220,243],"loop.":[40],"Removing":[41],"humans":[42],"their":[44],"errors":[45,199],"impact":[47,224],"significantly":[48],"improve":[50],"cost":[52],"quality.":[54],"literature":[56],"considered":[57],"smartphones":[58,79],"leading":[60],"enabler":[61],"due":[62],"market":[64],"penetration":[65],"embodied":[67],"sensors.":[68],"Smartphones":[69],"allow":[70],"users\u2019":[71],"localization,":[72],"identification,":[73],"authentication,":[74],"billing.":[76],"Via":[77],"Bluetooth,":[78],"detect":[80],"short-range":[81],"implicit":[82],"interactions,":[83],"device-to-device.":[84],"We":[85],"model":[86,228],"states":[88],"on":[89,162,227],"buses,":[90],"either":[91],"be-in":[92],"or":[93],"be-out":[94],"(BIBO).":[95],"BIBO":[97],"use":[98,235],"case":[99,236],"identifies":[100],"a":[101,114,124,190,209],"fundamental":[102],"building":[103],"block":[104],"continuously-valued":[106],"flow,":[108],"which":[109],"paper":[111,188],"describes":[112],"through":[113],"Human-Computer":[115],"interaction":[116],"experimental":[117],"setting":[118],"involving":[119],"two":[120,136],"autonomous":[121],"buses":[122,153],"proprietary":[125],"smartphone-Bluetooth":[126],"sensing":[127],"platform.":[128],"resulting":[130],"dataset":[131],"14,000":[133],"observations/sensors":[134],"contains":[135],"ground-truth":[137,185],"levels:":[138],"first":[140],"is":[141,147,221],"passengers\u2019":[143],"validation;":[144],"second":[146],"by":[149],"video":[150],"cameras":[151],"surveilling":[152],"tracks.":[155],"This":[156,234],"study":[157],"verifies":[158],"separately":[159],"classification":[160],"based":[161],"Bluetooth":[163,246],"GPS":[165],"signals,":[166],"well":[168],"an":[170],"inertial":[171],"navigation":[172],"system,":[173],"evaluating":[174],"signals":[175],"related":[177],"machine":[178],"learning":[179],"(ML)":[180],"classifiers":[181],"against":[182],"measurement":[183],"noise.":[186],"contributes":[189],"Monte":[191],"Carlo":[192],"simulation":[193],"labels-flip":[195],"emulate":[197],"human":[198,219,242],"in":[200,205],"labeling":[202],"process,":[203],"smartphone":[206],"surveys,":[207],"novel":[210],"unsupervised":[211],"variational":[212],"auto-encoder":[213],"classifier.":[214],"Experimental":[215],"results":[216],"indicate":[217],"error-free":[218],"unlikely.":[222],"mistakes":[226],"performance":[229],"bias":[230],"can":[231],"be":[232],"significant.":[233],"supports":[237],"potential":[239],"substitution":[240],"with":[244],"independent":[245],"validation.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}