{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367146803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3266776","title":"CrackFormer Network for Pavement Crack Segmentation","display_name":"CrackFormer Network for Pavement Crack Segmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367146803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3266776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3266776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3266776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101892743","display_name":"Huajun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-7937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huajun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-7937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103804797","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6295-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078423269","display_name":"Xiangyu Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030848390","display_name":"Christoph Mertz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7540-5211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Mertz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036133825","display_name":"Hui Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-0276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City (SKL-IOTSC), the Department of Electromechanical Engineering (EME), and the Department of Computer and Information Science (CIS), University of Macau (UM), Taipa, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-0276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City (SKL-IOTSC), the Department of Electromechanical Engineering (EME), and the Department of Computer and Information Science (CIS), University of Macau (UM), Taipa, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101892743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.6046,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":147,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99914335,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"9","first_page":"9240","last_page":"9252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.8177405595779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6550227403640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6200108528137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5931004881858826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5366231203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.525496780872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4912981390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4117889404296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37881025671958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37735715508461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21605157852172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1950247883796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17698699235916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08469852805137634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.8177405595779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6550227403640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6200108528137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5931004881858826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5366231203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.525496780872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4912981390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4117889404296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37881025671958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37735715508461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21605157852172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1950247883796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17698699235916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08469852805137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3266776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3266776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1976047850","https://openalex.org/W1982725007","https://openalex.org/W1995130521","https://openalex.org/W1999864197","https://openalex.org/W2093303892","https://openalex.org/W2144801789","https://openalex.org/W2325975990","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2518902831","https://openalex.org/W2582996697","https://openalex.org/W2585915216","https://openalex.org/W2588612844","https://openalex.org/W2591692311","https://openalex.org/W2598457882","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2737067081","https://openalex.org/W2748643398","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2794732825","https://openalex.org/W2798122215","https://openalex.org/W2887092226","https://openalex.org/W2898532924","https://openalex.org/W2899242765","https://openalex.org/W2912350898","https://openalex.org/W2912530595","https://openalex.org/W2913930668","https://openalex.org/W2955639361","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2981413347","https://openalex.org/W3049453019","https://openalex.org/W3081167590","https://openalex.org/W3099418968","https://openalex.org/W3106728613","https://openalex.org/W3124942917","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3168491317","https://openalex.org/W3172099915","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3199795776","https://openalex.org/W3200379731","https://openalex.org/W3201890785","https://openalex.org/W4205446205","https://openalex.org/W4214520160","https://openalex.org/W4241071816","https://openalex.org/W4282964635","https://openalex.org/W4312950730","https://openalex.org/W6750469568","https://openalex.org/W6788467338","https://openalex.org/W6791776128","https://openalex.org/W6802154998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W1987679298","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2963177394","https://openalex.org/W4313359513","https://openalex.org/W2498744856","https://openalex.org/W4206178588","https://openalex.org/W3094491777","https://openalex.org/W3214715529","https://openalex.org/W4287635093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,97],"rethink":[4],"our":[5],"earlier":[6],"work":[7,32],"on":[8,132,193,205],"self-attention":[9],"based":[10],"crack":[11,22,135],"segmentation,":[12,23],"and":[13,59,85,92,109,111,130,145,161,172,202],"propose":[14],"an":[15],"upgraded":[16],"CrackFormer":[17],"network":[18],"(CrackFormer-II)":[19],"for":[20,27],"pavement":[21],"instead":[24],"of":[25,49,73,81,198],"only":[26],"fine-grained":[28],"crack-detection":[29],"tasks.":[30],"This":[31],"embeds":[33],"novel":[34,50],"Transformer":[35,51,100],"encoder":[36,52,84,101],"modules":[37,72],"into":[38],"a":[39],"SegNet-like":[40],"encoder-decoder":[41],"structure,":[42],"where":[43],"the":[44,79,99,105,113,118,123,126,142,146,191,206],"basic":[45],"module":[46],"is":[47,128,177],"composed":[48],"blocks":[53,102],"with":[54,122,150],"effective":[55],"relative":[56],"positional":[57],"embedding":[58],"long":[60],"range":[61],"interactions":[62],"to":[63,77,88,116,179],"extract":[64],"efficient":[65],"contextual":[66],"information":[67],"from":[68],"feature-channels.":[69],"Further,":[70],"fusion":[71],"scaling-attention":[74],"are":[75,210],"proposed":[76],"integrate":[78],"results":[80,186],"each":[82],"respective":[83],"decoder":[86],"block":[87],"highlight":[89],"semantic":[90],"features":[91],"suppress":[93],"non-semantic":[94],"ones.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"update":[98],"enhanced":[103],"by":[104],"local":[106],"feed-forward":[107],"layer":[108],"skip-connections,":[110],"optimize":[112],"channel":[114],"configurations":[115],"compress":[117],"model":[119],"parameters.":[120],"Compared":[121],"original":[124,143],"CrackFormer,":[125,144],"CrackFormer-II":[127],"trained":[129],"evaluated":[131],"more":[133],"general":[134],"datasets.":[136],"It":[137],"achieves":[138,190],"higher":[139],"accuracy":[140],"than":[141],"state-of-the-art":[147],"(SOTA)":[148],"method":[149],"<inline-formula":[151,162],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[152,163,214],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[153,164],"<tex-math":[154,165],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6.7":[155],"\\times":[156,167],"$":[157,168],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[158,169],"fewer":[159,170],"FLOPs":[160],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6.2":[166],"parameters,":[171],"its":[173],"practical":[174],"inference":[175],"speed":[176],"comparable":[178],"most":[180],"classical":[181],"CNN":[182],"models.":[183],"The":[184],"experimental":[185],"show":[187],"that":[188],"it":[189],"F-measures":[192],"Optimal":[194],"Dataset":[195],"Scale":[196],"(ODS)":[197],"0.912,":[199],"0.908,":[200],"0.914":[201],"0.869,":[203],"respectively,":[204],"four":[207],"benchmarks.":[208],"Codes":[209],"available":[211],"at":[212],"<uri":[213],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/LouisNUST/CrackFormer-II</uri>":[215],".":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}