{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319998043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3238055","title":"Double Graph Attention Actor-Critic Framework for Urban Bus-Pooling System","display_name":"Double Graph Attention Actor-Critic Framework for Urban Bus-Pooling System","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319998043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3238055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3238055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3238055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085805626","display_name":"Enshu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-4763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enshu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-4763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086581834","display_name":"Bingyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116","https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088493159","display_name":"Songrong Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songrong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Beidou Applied Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Beidou Applied Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091553419","display_name":"Feng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-766X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057393908","display_name":"Tianyu Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-6445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-6445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433062","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-8732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356291","display_name":"Jianping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-1482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-1482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035431016","display_name":"Adel W. Sadek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-0047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adel W. Sadek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-0047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728176","display_name":"Chunming Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-6572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0085,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70941952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"5313","last_page":"5325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.742372989654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6645360589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5746567845344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-bus","display_name":"Local bus","score":0.43258509039878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4129984974861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35674184560775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33315569162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.23009157180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-bus","display_name":"Control bus","score":0.22758749127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-bus","display_name":"System bus","score":0.20873266458511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17671987414360046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.742372989654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6645360589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5746567845344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202015219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664300","display_name":"Local bus","level":4,"score":0.43258509039878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4129984974861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35674184560775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33315569162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.23009157180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203315745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2235486","display_name":"Control bus","level":3,"score":0.22758749127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136321198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2377054","display_name":"System bus","level":2,"score":0.20873266458511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17671987414360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3238055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3238055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4310234715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080893459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFC/RGCN_CityU 140/20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2565919573","https://openalex.org/W2587927940","https://openalex.org/W2606105273","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2751797387","https://openalex.org/W2783918973","https://openalex.org/W2785315072","https://openalex.org/W2795109643","https://openalex.org/W2891663723","https://openalex.org/W2899283322","https://openalex.org/W2907502844","https://openalex.org/W2909646650","https://openalex.org/W2911064742","https://openalex.org/W2914154006","https://openalex.org/W2942034515","https://openalex.org/W2945097915","https://openalex.org/W2949267040","https://openalex.org/W2950475205","https://openalex.org/W2950614095","https://openalex.org/W2952281591","https://openalex.org/W2962764167","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2964169391","https://openalex.org/W2964227312","https://openalex.org/W2964338167","https://openalex.org/W2970272688","https://openalex.org/W2973014043","https://openalex.org/W2982704980","https://openalex.org/W2982903005","https://openalex.org/W2985510430","https://openalex.org/W2986493710","https://openalex.org/W2988421839","https://openalex.org/W2995937146","https://openalex.org/W3012437064","https://openalex.org/W3033180544","https://openalex.org/W3084423993","https://openalex.org/W3087884994","https://openalex.org/W3106464996","https://openalex.org/W3200336081","https://openalex.org/W3202542180","https://openalex.org/W3207271212","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6713411898","https://openalex.org/W6734215269","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6747941106","https://openalex.org/W6752089545","https://openalex.org/W6754964036","https://openalex.org/W6757797181","https://openalex.org/W6761754428","https://openalex.org/W6767151588","https://openalex.org/W6768539364","https://openalex.org/W6769829486","https://openalex.org/W6802330719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W3022252430","https://openalex.org/W3103989898","https://openalex.org/W4287804464","https://openalex.org/W803346624","https://openalex.org/W3015684221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"unleash":[1],"the":[2,13,22,33,51,56,82,116,145,155,162,168,182,192],"power":[3],"of":[4,15,24,172,181],"buses,":[5],"we":[6,92],"propose":[7,93],"a":[8,47,88,94,127,131],"bus-pooling":[9],"system":[10],"that":[11,191],"keeps":[12],"notion":[14],"bus":[16,26,76],"stops":[17],"and":[18,80,105,123,136,147,164,189],"terminals":[19],"but":[20],"discards":[21],"concept":[23],"fixed":[25],"lines":[27],"by":[28,42,55,102],"enabling":[29],"buses":[30],"to":[31,64,68,114],"choose":[32],"next":[34],"stop":[35],"or":[36],"terminal":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,59,179],"orders":[40],"submitted":[41],"passengers.":[43],"Each":[44],"bus,":[45],"unlike":[46],"taxi,":[48],"must":[49],"consider":[50],"additional":[52],"delays":[53],"experienced":[54],"passengers":[57],"already":[58],"board":[60],"when":[61],"deciding":[62],"how":[63],"adapt":[65],"its":[66],"route":[67],"serve":[69],"new":[70],"orders.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"treats":[74],"each":[75,173],"as":[77,87,134,161,167],"an":[78],"agent":[79],"formulates":[81],"buses\u2019":[83],"re-routing":[84],"decision-making":[85],"process":[86],"Semi-Markov":[89],"game.":[90,117],"Then,":[91],"novel":[95],"double":[96],"graph":[97,110,129],"attention":[98,111],"actor-critic":[99],"(DGAAC)":[100],"framework":[101,195],"integrating":[103],"high-level":[104,122,146],"low-level":[106,124,148],"actor-critics":[107],"separately":[108],"with":[109,151,158],"networks":[112],"(GATs)":[113],"solve":[115],"Specifically,":[118],"GATs":[119,152],"embedded":[120],"in":[121,186],"critics":[125],"take":[126,154],"large-scale":[128],"covering":[130],"city-scale":[132],"area":[133],"input":[135,163],"capture":[137],"graph-structured":[138],"mutual":[139],"influences":[140],"among":[141],"buses.":[142],"In":[143],"contrast,":[144],"actors":[149],"equipped":[150],"only":[153],"n-hop":[156],"sub-graph":[157],"local":[159],"information":[160],"are":[165],"employed":[166],"distributed":[169],"decision":[170],"module":[171],"bus.":[174],"We":[175],"conduct":[176],"extensive":[177],"experiments":[178],"one":[180],"largest":[183],"real-world":[184],"datasets":[185],"Shenzhen,":[187],"China,":[188],"validate":[190],"proposed":[193],"DGAAC":[194],"greatly":[196],"outperforms":[197],"all":[198],"baselines.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
