{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319996377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3236247","title":"Integrated APC-GAN and AttuNet Framework for Automated Pavement Crack Pixel-Level Segmentation: A New Solution to Small Training Datasets","display_name":"Integrated APC-GAN and AttuNet Framework for Automated Pavement Crack Pixel-Level Segmentation: A New Solution to Small Training Datasets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319996377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3236247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3236247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3236247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003966240","display_name":"Tianjie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-0777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-0777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038300996","display_name":"Donglei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-7439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002633261","display_name":"Amanda Mullins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-3843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Mullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068651974","display_name":"Yang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-4237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-4237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97664371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"4474","last_page":"4481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7278715372085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7105416059494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.653977632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.558962345123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5500598549842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5393476486206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5383762717247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4609892964363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4570557773113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4419676959514618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37548863887786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24388432502746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09642395377159119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7278715372085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7105416059494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.653977632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.558962345123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5500598549842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5393476486206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5383762717247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4609892964363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4570557773113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4419676959514618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37548863887786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24388432502746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09642395377159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3236247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3236247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2612491774","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2742801844","https://openalex.org/W2798122215","https://openalex.org/W2799323087","https://openalex.org/W2799391334","https://openalex.org/W2905163589","https://openalex.org/W2912350898","https://openalex.org/W2920633487","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2982564821","https://openalex.org/W2994406669","https://openalex.org/W2998500961","https://openalex.org/W2998997213","https://openalex.org/W3013140465","https://openalex.org/W3034109443","https://openalex.org/W3036991312","https://openalex.org/W3087277009","https://openalex.org/W3099564553","https://openalex.org/W3118378226","https://openalex.org/W3138958118","https://openalex.org/W3154352765","https://openalex.org/W3177403466","https://openalex.org/W3192378566","https://openalex.org/W3197712350","https://openalex.org/W3198911825","https://openalex.org/W4213361372","https://openalex.org/W4220943253","https://openalex.org/W4224237033","https://openalex.org/W4297810817","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6742250094","https://openalex.org/W6750469568","https://openalex.org/W6753038380","https://openalex.org/W6772973160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W1978900583","https://openalex.org/W2350688482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pavement":[0,59],"crack":[1,9,48],"segmentation":[2,10,30,50,96],"using":[3],"deep":[4],"learning":[5],"methods":[6],"can":[7],"improve":[8],"accuracy,":[11],"but":[12],"in":[13,192],"many":[14],"cases":[15],"the":[16,68,106,110,118,145,158,189,193],"training":[17,54,134],"dataset":[18,126],"is":[19,41,65,78,102,128],"lacking":[20],"or":[21],"uneven,":[22],"making":[23],"it":[24],"insufficient":[25],"to":[26,116],"train":[27],"an":[28,35,44,57,73,124],"accurate":[29],"model.":[31],"In":[32,114],"this":[33],"work,":[34],"integrated":[36],"APC-GAN":[37,142,170,184],"and":[38,80,151,157,176,185,205,217],"AttuNet":[39,186],"framework":[40,187],"proposed":[42,103,122,141,183],"as":[43,72],"automated":[45],"pavement":[46,69,153],"surface":[47],"pixel-level":[49,94],"solution":[51],"for":[52,67],"small":[53],"datasets.":[55],"First,":[56],"Automated":[58],"Crack":[60],"Generative":[61,87],"Adversarial":[62,88],"Network":[63,89],"(APC-GAN)":[64],"designed":[66],"cracks":[70],"data":[71],"image":[74,167,178],"augmentation":[75,168,179],"method,":[76],"which":[77,130],"modified":[79,99],"improved":[81],"from":[82],"a":[83,92],"traditional":[84,166,177],"Deep":[85],"Convolutional":[86],"(DCGAN).":[90],"Then,":[91],"novel":[93],"semantic":[95],"structure,":[97],"Attention":[98],"U-Net":[100],"(AttuNet),":[101],"by":[104,147],"introducing":[105],"attention":[107],"module":[108],"into":[109],"convolutional":[111],"network":[112],"structure.":[113],"order":[115],"assess":[117],"performance":[119],"of":[120],"our":[121,140,182],"framework,":[123],"open-source":[125],"DeepCrack":[127],"used,":[129],"only":[131],"contains":[132],"300":[133],"images.":[135],"The":[136],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139],"could":[143,161],"augment":[144],"datasets":[146],"producing":[148],"more":[149,163],"clear":[150],"distinct":[152],"images":[154,160],"than":[155,165,174],"DCGAN":[156,175],"generated":[159],"feature":[162],"diversity":[164],"methods.":[169,180],"demonstrated":[171],"higher":[172],"accuracy":[173],"Apparently,":[181],"gains":[188],"highest":[190],"value":[191],"evaluation":[194],"metrices,":[195],"including":[196,213],"recall,":[197],"F1":[198],"score,":[199],"mean":[200,206],"Intersection":[201],"over":[202],"Union":[203],"(mIoU)":[204],"Pixel":[207],"Accuracy":[208],"(mPA)":[209],"among":[210],"all":[211],"models":[212],"U-Net,":[214],"DeepLabv3,":[215],"FCN,":[216],"LRASPP.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}