{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315489404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3233422","title":"Fleet Rebalancing for Expanding Shared e-Mobility Systems: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Fleet Rebalancing for Expanding Shared e-Mobility Systems: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315489404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3233422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3233422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3233422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/171031/1/WRAP-fleet-rebalancing-expanding-shared-e-mobility-systems-multi-agent-deep-reinforcement-learning-Wen-2022.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041350681","display_name":"Man Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7346-9024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7346-9024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081507644","display_name":"Bowen Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-4870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-4870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068495374","display_name":"Wenzhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4734-2977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101466821","display_name":"Tianyou Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1534-7177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyou Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377592","display_name":"Kun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2870-7635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030414508","display_name":"Hongming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-5279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079978522","display_name":"Mark Birkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-098X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Birkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053684989","display_name":"Hongkai Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-090X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkai Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-090X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88902345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"3868","last_page":"3881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12392","display_name":"Sharing Economy and Platforms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7866250276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6909300088882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5837199687957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.5322864651679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5202730298042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5110303163528442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.49533310532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-model","display_name":"Mobility model","score":0.4746953845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.41170206665992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21603965759277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19217726588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11140629649162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.0941537618637085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7866250276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6909300088882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5837199687957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.5322864651679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5202730298042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5110303163528442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.49533310532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191485582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887309","display_name":"Mobility model","level":2,"score":0.4746953845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.41170206665992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21603965759277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19217726588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11140629649162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.0941537618637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3233422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3233422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/131740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/131740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:171031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/171031/1/WRAP-fleet-rebalancing-expanding-shared-e-mobility-systems-multi-agent-deep-reinforcement-learning-Wen-2022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:171031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/171031/1/WRAP-fleet-rebalancing-expanding-shared-e-mobility-systems-multi-agent-deep-reinforcement-learning-Wen-2022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1309768829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1633672591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3855435662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G444630160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4500485203","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315489404.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972189565","https://openalex.org/W2032251915","https://openalex.org/W2149414429","https://openalex.org/W2162115371","https://openalex.org/W2163599294","https://openalex.org/W2257214079","https://openalex.org/W2334134865","https://openalex.org/W2358962606","https://openalex.org/W2535755685","https://openalex.org/W2583767371","https://openalex.org/W2605114698","https://openalex.org/W2608833567","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2742211145","https://openalex.org/W2766151308","https://openalex.org/W2771827553","https://openalex.org/W2783918973","https://openalex.org/W2788238688","https://openalex.org/W2795109643","https://openalex.org/W2808810245","https://openalex.org/W2808816737","https://openalex.org/W2809079004","https://openalex.org/W2911921086","https://openalex.org/W2913092739","https://openalex.org/W2914154006","https://openalex.org/W2949830935","https://openalex.org/W2962764167","https://openalex.org/W2965104695","https://openalex.org/W2965312081","https://openalex.org/W2973014043","https://openalex.org/W2982704980","https://openalex.org/W3011787660","https://openalex.org/W6683195989","https://openalex.org/W6731752663","https://openalex.org/W6732528958","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6752963931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W4256502920","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W2999756192","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W4382701072","https://openalex.org/W2011624601","https://openalex.org/W2975817033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"electrification":[1],"of":[2,37,61,68,116,137,159,193],"shared":[3,16,122,172],"mobility":[4,140],"has":[5],"become":[6],"popular":[7],"across":[8],"the":[9,28,35,59,66,69,81,87,91,97,129,143,168,188,194,215,220,225,237],"globe.":[10],"Many":[11],"cities":[12],"have":[13],"their":[14],"new":[15,139],"e-mobility":[17,123,173],"systems":[18,39,174],"deployed,":[19],"with":[20,206,214],"continuously":[21],"expanding":[22,62],"coverage":[23],"from":[24,119],"central":[25],"areas":[26],"to":[27,49,154,212],"city":[29],"edges.":[30],"A":[31],"key":[32,156],"challenge":[33],"in":[34,58,90,243],"operation":[36,130,157],"these":[38,109],"is":[40,55,71,76,152,210],"fleet":[41],"rebalancing,":[42],"i.e.,":[43,96],"how":[44],"EVs":[45,70,195],"should":[46],"be":[47],"repositioned":[48],"better":[50],"satisfy":[51],"future":[52],"demand.":[53],"This":[54],"particularly":[56],"challenging":[57],"context":[60],"systems,":[63],"because":[64],"i)":[65],"range":[67,189],"limited":[72],"while":[73],"charging":[74,191],"time":[75],"typically":[77],"long,":[78],"which":[79,151,185,209],"constrain":[80],"viable":[82],"rebalancing":[83,101,169],"operations;":[84],"and":[85,134,190,218,229,247],"ii)":[86],"EV":[88,160],"stations":[89],"system":[92,124],"are":[93],"dynamically":[94],"changing,":[95],"legitimate":[98],"targets":[99],"for":[100,125,171],"operations":[102],"can":[103],"vary":[104],"over":[105],"time.":[106],"We":[107,198,223],"tackle":[108],"challenges":[110],"by":[111],"first":[112],"investigating":[113],"rich":[114],"sets":[115],"data":[117],"collected":[118],"a":[120,148,179,201],"real-world":[121],"one":[126],"year,":[127],"analyzing":[128],"model,":[131],"usage":[132],"patterns":[133],"expansion":[135,177,216],"dynamics":[136,217],"this":[138],"mode.":[141],"With":[142],"learned":[144],"knowledge":[145],"we":[146,166],"design":[147],"high-fidelity":[149],"simulator,":[150],"able":[153,211],"abstract":[155],"details":[158],"sharing":[161],"at":[162],"fine":[163],"granularity.":[164],"Then":[165],"model":[167],"task":[170],"under":[175],"continuous":[176],"as":[178],"Multi-Agent":[180],"Reinforcement":[181],"Learning":[182],"(MARL)":[183],"problem,":[184],"directly":[186],"takes":[187],"properties":[192],"into":[196],"account.":[197],"further":[199],"propose":[200],"novel":[202],"policy":[203],"optimization":[204],"approach":[205,227,235],"action":[207],"cascading,":[208],"cope":[213],"solve":[219],"formulated":[221],"MARL.":[222],"evaluate":[224],"proposed":[226],"extensively,":[228],"experimental":[230],"results":[231],"show":[232],"that":[233],"our":[234],"outperforms":[236],"state-of-the-art,":[238],"offering":[239],"significant":[240],"performance":[241],"gain":[242],"both":[244],"satisfied":[245],"demand":[246],"net":[248],"revenue.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
