{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312948040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3216748","title":"Loss Function Design for Data-Driven Predictors to Enhance the Energy Efficiency of Connected and Automated Vehicles","display_name":"Loss Function Design for Data-Driven Predictors to Enhance the Energy Efficiency of Connected and Automated Vehicles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312948040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3216748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3216748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3216748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006560849","display_name":"Eunjeong Hyeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-2487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunjeong Hyeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation and Power System Division, Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-2487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation and Power System Division, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076004234","display_name":"Tulga Ersal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-8529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tulga Ersal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-8529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014768118","display_name":"Youngki Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngki Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-7433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089318617","display_name":"Anna G. Stefanopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-9657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna G. Stefanopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-9657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61341215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"827","last_page":"837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.7259780764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6048345565795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5899380445480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.51677405834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5138740539550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.481234073638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4795001149177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.47542694211006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4716552793979645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.453539103269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4440472424030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.44140633940696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39954712986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.32065820693969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21044665575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.19307413697242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10841995477676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08764755725860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.07759109139442444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.7259780764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6048345565795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5899380445480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.51677405834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5138740539550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.481234073638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4795001149177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.47542694211006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4716552793979645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.453539103269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4440472424030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.44140633940696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39954712986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.32065820693969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21044665575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.19307413697242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10841995477676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08764755725860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.07759109139442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3216748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3216748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8208219643","display_name":"CPS: Synergy: Connected Testbeds for Connected Vehicles","funder_award_id":"1646019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W584347604","https://openalex.org/W1506660872","https://openalex.org/W1965455100","https://openalex.org/W1978917517","https://openalex.org/W1992828159","https://openalex.org/W2003820370","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2117014758","https://openalex.org/W2515170416","https://openalex.org/W2585308580","https://openalex.org/W2589021761","https://openalex.org/W2735751244","https://openalex.org/W2760075219","https://openalex.org/W2920236529","https://openalex.org/W2922501931","https://openalex.org/W2963168978","https://openalex.org/W2972981002","https://openalex.org/W2991157741","https://openalex.org/W3119891347","https://openalex.org/W3195591203","https://openalex.org/W3198794507","https://openalex.org/W3200886541","https://openalex.org/W4200548820","https://openalex.org/W4236862557","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6739690495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4385074335","https://openalex.org/W2626189183","https://openalex.org/W2626268514","https://openalex.org/W4249307902","https://openalex.org/W324331621","https://openalex.org/W2049400599","https://openalex.org/W4226285110","https://openalex.org/W1915823365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"car-following":[1],"scenarios,":[2],"accurate":[3],"previews":[4],"of":[5,17,39,64,75,82,104,111,122,145,154],"the":[6,14,36,40,56,62,72,76,83,98,101,105,112,119,128,142],"preceding":[7],"vehicle\u2019s":[8],"trajectory":[9],"are":[10,58],"essential":[11],"for":[12,29],"minimizing":[13],"energy":[15,37,73,109,143],"consumption":[16,74,121,144],"a":[18,25,52,123,158,170,174],"following":[19,41,78,106,161],"automated":[20,44,77],"vehicle.":[21,45,79,107],"This":[22],"work":[23],"presents":[24],"novel":[26],"design":[27],"strategy":[28],"data-driven":[30],"vehicle":[31,126,148],"speed":[32],"predictors":[33,95,99],"to":[34,92,157],"increase":[35],"efficiency":[38],"connected":[42],"and":[43,96],"The":[46,80,108],"loss":[47,85,172,177],"function":[48,86],"is":[49,87,115,149],"formulated":[50],"as":[51],"weighted-mean-squared":[53],"error,":[54],"where":[55],"weights":[57],"tuned":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61,71],"influence":[63],"uncertainty":[65],"at":[66],"an":[67,134,146,152,164],"individual":[68],"prediction":[69],"step":[70],"efficacy":[81],"proposed":[84],"validated":[88],"by":[89,117,133,151,163,180],"applying":[90],"it":[91],"training":[93],"representative":[94],"testing":[97],"in":[100],"energy-optimal":[102],"control":[103],"saving":[110],"optimal":[113],"controller":[114],"evaluated":[116],"comparing":[118],"electricity":[120],"battery":[124],"electric":[125,147],"with":[127],"human":[129,159],"driver":[130,136,160,166],"following,":[131],"emulated":[132],"intelligent":[135,165],"model.":[137],"Simulation":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141],"reduced":[150],"average":[153],"12%":[155],"compared":[156],"demonstrated":[162],"model,":[167],"whereas":[168],"using":[169],"conventional":[171],"function,":[173,178],"mean-squared":[175],"error":[176],"reduces":[179],"10%.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
