{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313027383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3215523","title":"Latency-Energy Tradeoff in Connected Autonomous Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Scheme","display_name":"Latency-Energy Tradeoff in Connected Autonomous Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Scheme","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313027383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3215523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3215523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3215523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051575430","display_name":"Ishan Budhiraja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-5032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129773123","display_name":"Bennett University","ror":"https://ror.org/00an5hx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishan Budhiraja","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-5032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409306","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN","LB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, Punjab, India","School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010478915","display_name":"Himanshu Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-1597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himanshu Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000985289","display_name":"Mohamed Elhoseny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-8368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Elhoseny","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035816804","display_name":"Yahya Lakys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0709-1027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Lakys","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0709-1027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076776322","display_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8528,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93829876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"13296","last_page":"13308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7991373538970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.762795090675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6895790100097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6209579110145569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5744714736938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5614834427833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.553452730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.534652590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.508979082107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4898702800273895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloudlet","display_name":"Cloudlet","score":0.42305436730384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4116884469985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.38022100925445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33496302366256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3068683445453644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1631644070148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13623306155204773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7991373538970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.762795090675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6895790100097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6209579110145569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5744714736938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5614834427833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.553452730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.534652590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.508979082107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4898702800273895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781055072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325266","display_name":"Cloudlet","level":3,"score":0.42305436730384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4116884469985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.38022100925445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33496302366256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3068683445453644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1631644070148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13623306155204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3215523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3215523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041417426","https://openalex.org/W2058166299","https://openalex.org/W2179898067","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2747537200","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2783495847","https://openalex.org/W2798350475","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2895973886","https://openalex.org/W2905685817","https://openalex.org/W2909746880","https://openalex.org/W2911692934","https://openalex.org/W2969950143","https://openalex.org/W2984159320","https://openalex.org/W3004718830","https://openalex.org/W3010178570","https://openalex.org/W3013158795","https://openalex.org/W3013810395","https://openalex.org/W3023720662","https://openalex.org/W3038782910","https://openalex.org/W3045049179","https://openalex.org/W3045259134","https://openalex.org/W3048247395","https://openalex.org/W3091872140","https://openalex.org/W3092271180","https://openalex.org/W3097472721","https://openalex.org/W3120305379","https://openalex.org/W3170473362","https://openalex.org/W3179381744","https://openalex.org/W3210386267","https://openalex.org/W4226071977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387134114","https://openalex.org/W3184388372","https://openalex.org/W3201095160","https://openalex.org/W3196742282","https://openalex.org/W3123098613","https://openalex.org/W2963105331","https://openalex.org/W4362500686","https://openalex.org/W2963751615","https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W4207020266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(VEC)-assisted":[3],"computational":[4],"offloading":[5,75,119,173],"brings":[6],"cloud":[7],"computing":[8],"closer":[9],"to":[10,25,59,94,123,132,147,150,163,174],"user":[11],"equipment":[12],"(UEs)":[13],"at":[14],"the":[15,18,26,50,95,100,103,110,133,137,142,165,176,190,207],"edge":[16,54],"of":[17,52,136],"access":[19],"network":[20,125],"by":[21],"delivering":[22],"various":[23],"services":[24],"UEs":[27],"with":[28,210],"limited":[29],"processing":[30,109],"power":[31],"and":[32,37,46,64,118,127,171,179,195,199,201,214],"battery.":[33],"However,":[34],"in":[35,62,88],"fifth-generation":[36],"beyond":[38],"5G":[39],"(B5G)":[40],"networks,":[41],"where":[42],"UEs\u2019":[43],"service":[44],"requests":[45],"locations":[47],"change":[48],"dynamically,":[49],"deployment":[51],"static":[53],"server":[55,105],"deployments":[56],"may":[57],"lead":[58],"an":[60],"increase":[61],"latency":[63,126,178],"total":[65,128,177],"energy":[66,129,180,205],"consumption.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"presents":[70],"a":[71,114,151,159],"latency-energy-aware,":[72],"efficient":[73],"task":[74,172],"scheme":[76,162,192],"for":[77,108,168,182],"connected":[78,183],"autonomous":[79,184],"vehicular":[80],"networks.":[81],"Firstly,":[82],"vehicles":[83],"are":[84],"assembled":[85],"into":[86],"clusters,":[87],"which":[89],"vehicle":[90],"can":[91],"transmit":[92],"tasks":[93],"other":[96,101],"vehicle,":[97],"while":[98],"on":[99],"hand,":[102],"VEC":[104],"is":[106],"used":[107,158],"data.":[111],"We":[112],"developed":[113],"joint":[115],"resource":[116,169],"allocation":[117,170],"decision":[120,144],"optimization":[121,138],"problem":[122],"minimize":[124],"usage.":[130],"Due":[131],"non-convex":[134],"character":[135],"issue,":[139],"we":[140,157],"employed":[141],"Markov":[143],"process":[145],"(MDP)":[146],"convert":[148],"it":[149],"reinforcement":[152],"learning":[153],"(RL)":[154],"problem.":[155],"Then,":[156],"soft-actor":[160],"critic-based":[161],"achieve":[164],"optimal":[166],"policy":[167],"reduce":[175],"consumption":[181],"vehicles.":[185],"Simulation":[186],"analysis":[187],"reveals":[188],"that":[189],"proposed":[191],"attains":[193],"46.6%":[194],"17.2%":[196],"lesser":[197],"delay,":[198],"28.8%":[200],"20.0%":[202],"consumes":[203],"less":[204],"than":[206],"Hybrid":[208],"DRL":[209,215],"Genetic":[211],"Algorithm":[212],"(HDRL-GA)":[213],"based":[216],"collaborative":[217],"Data":[218],"Scheduling":[219],"(DRL-CDSS)":[220],"state-of-art":[221],"schemes.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
