{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312968763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211883","title":"Operation Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping and Charging Systems: A Bilevel Optimization Approach","display_name":"Operation Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping and Charging Systems: A Bilevel Optimization Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312968763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3211883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374424","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-9156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Smart Discrete Manufacturing, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Smart Discrete Manufacturing, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086533292","display_name":"Kan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-8131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and System Integration of IoT, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and System Integration of IoT, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085598485","display_name":"Weifeng Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-2018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","111 Center for Intelligent Batch Manufacturing Based on IoT Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"111 Center for Intelligent Batch Manufacturing Based on IoT Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008505898","display_name":"Xumin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1819-5398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xumin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","111 Center for Intelligent Batch Manufacturing Based on IoT Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"111 Center for Intelligent Batch Manufacturing Based on IoT Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082844557","display_name":"Yuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-9461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043262479","display_name":"Shengli Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-5214"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengli Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory of IoT Information Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of IoT Information Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100374424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88082713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"528","last_page":"540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.7511935234069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.681830883026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6046483516693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6024074554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.546381950378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.48472973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.48332902789115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4647352695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4633306562900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.46138790249824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.42068931460380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.3824608027935028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3803659975528717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3661952316761017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.122263103723526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.7511935234069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.681830883026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6046483516693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6024074554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.546381950378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.48472973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.48332902789115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4647352695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4633306562900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.46138790249824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42068931460380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3824608027935028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3803659975528717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3661952316761017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.122263103723526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3211883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4537455848","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62003099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4600807917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6178430331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6754353139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7600535294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-KF-21-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335661","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335661","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986668990","https://openalex.org/W1988622494","https://openalex.org/W2308385448","https://openalex.org/W2587030715","https://openalex.org/W2762432188","https://openalex.org/W2770275145","https://openalex.org/W2796868861","https://openalex.org/W2899528136","https://openalex.org/W2949135363","https://openalex.org/W2962781503","https://openalex.org/W2967863314","https://openalex.org/W2977288892","https://openalex.org/W2989843397","https://openalex.org/W3006403513","https://openalex.org/W3008688678","https://openalex.org/W3009869816","https://openalex.org/W3015451620","https://openalex.org/W3019147540","https://openalex.org/W3022191833","https://openalex.org/W3034444308","https://openalex.org/W3035934825","https://openalex.org/W3048884991","https://openalex.org/W3101977139","https://openalex.org/W3109356043","https://openalex.org/W3125825357","https://openalex.org/W3127049675","https://openalex.org/W3133923776","https://openalex.org/W3188180648","https://openalex.org/W3189867955","https://openalex.org/W3198595729","https://openalex.org/W3211547338","https://openalex.org/W4212773196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2340378315","https://openalex.org/W2160425906","https://openalex.org/W3044651776","https://openalex.org/W2795565301","https://openalex.org/W1994436307","https://openalex.org/W2920493340","https://openalex.org/W2896140431","https://openalex.org/W2745612259","https://openalex.org/W4297925816","https://openalex.org/W1604175135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"optimal":[3],"day-ahead":[4],"scheduling":[5],"of":[6,22,146,152,206,222],"a":[7,19,50,56,68,121,142,187],"battery":[8,35,51,57,83,103,223],"swapping":[9,36,52,84,224],"and":[10,37,40,55,80,89,101,105,127,156,211],"charging":[11,38,58,104],"system":[12],"(BSCS)":[13],"for":[14],"electric":[15],"vehicles":[16],"(EVs)":[17],"from":[18,86],"new":[20,143],"perspective":[21],"multiple":[23],"decision":[24],"makers.":[25],"It":[26],"is":[27,65,120],"considered":[28],"that":[29,119,169,192],"the":[30,34,41,72,76,82,90,94,99,110,137,153,161,170,198,204,212,220],"BSCS":[31],"locally":[32],"incorporates":[33],"processes,":[39],"two":[42,47,147],"processes":[43],"are":[44],"managed":[45],"by":[46,209,217],"operators,":[48],"called":[49],"operator":[53,59],"(BSO)":[54],"(BCO),":[60],"respectively.":[61],"Our":[62],"main":[63],"contribution":[64],"to":[66,78,96,186],"propose":[67],"bilevel":[69,111,200],"model":[70,191,201],"where":[71],"BSO":[73],"acts":[74,92],"as":[75,93],"leader":[77],"receive":[79],"serve":[81],"requests":[85],"EV":[87],"users,":[88],"BCO":[91],"follower":[95],"interact":[97],"with":[98],"grid":[100],"control":[102],"discharging":[106],"power.":[107],"We":[108],"reformulate":[109],"optimization":[112],"problem":[113,118,138],"into":[114],"an":[115,150,157],"equivalent":[116],"single-level":[117],"nonconvex":[122],"mixed-integer":[123],"nonlinear":[124],"program":[125],"(MINLP),":[126],"its":[128],"size":[129],"can":[130,202],"easily":[131],"become":[132],"very":[133],"large.":[134],"To":[135],"solve":[136],"efficiently,":[139],"we":[140],"develop":[141],"heuristic":[144,172],"composed":[145],"parts,":[148],"i.e.,":[149],"estimation":[151],"integer":[154],"solution":[155],"algorithm":[158],"based":[159],"on":[160],"alternating":[162],"direction":[163],"method":[164],"(ADM).":[165],"The":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"proposed":[171,199],"performs":[173],"well":[174],"in":[175],"solving":[176],"large-scale":[177],"problems,":[178],"providing":[179],"close-to-optimal":[180],"solutions":[181],"quickly.":[182],"In":[183],"addition,":[184],"compared":[185],"social":[188],"welfare":[189],"maximization":[190],"follows":[193],"most":[194],"existing":[195],"related":[196],"works,":[197],"increase":[203],"number":[205],"swapped-out":[207],"batteries":[208],"35%":[210],"batteries\u2019":[213],"average":[214],"energy":[215],"state":[216],"6%,":[218],"improving":[219],"quality":[221],"services.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}