{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313066431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211002","title":"Feature Fusion-Based Inconsistency Evaluation for Battery Pack: Improved Gaussian Mixture Model","display_name":"Feature Fusion-Based Inconsistency Evaluation for Battery Pack: Improved Gaussian Mixture Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313066431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3211002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081057829","display_name":"Jiaqiang Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6189-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqiang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6189-7793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738649","display_name":"Xinghua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-3535"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-3535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114734512","display_name":"Chaobo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-7876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110558","display_name":"Xi'an Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01t8prc81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaobo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Technological University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-7876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Technological University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005659262","display_name":"Gaoxi Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-6799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoxi Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-6799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035542752","display_name":"Yujie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5722-2673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5722-2673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025987638","display_name":"Yu Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8706-3252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8706-3252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395960","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-7018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-7018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081057829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97156611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"446","last_page":"458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"Battery pack","score":0.7498831152915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.5898125767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5851840376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5141006112098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4746597111225128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4441133737564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4381110668182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4170774221420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3600483536720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3181826174259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.19078275561332703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.07849505543708801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.7498831152915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.5898125767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5851840376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5141006112098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4746597111225128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4441133737564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4381110668182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4170774221420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3600483536720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3181826174259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.19078275561332703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07849505543708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3211002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3211002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G238182171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2003110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3806563699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073213547","https://openalex.org/W2179337953","https://openalex.org/W2522202301","https://openalex.org/W2621676962","https://openalex.org/W2787934348","https://openalex.org/W2788094009","https://openalex.org/W2790199556","https://openalex.org/W2922075209","https://openalex.org/W2947706911","https://openalex.org/W2948578443","https://openalex.org/W2960359457","https://openalex.org/W2969365221","https://openalex.org/W2971065576","https://openalex.org/W2976191225","https://openalex.org/W2999904397","https://openalex.org/W3003641056","https://openalex.org/W3005296994","https://openalex.org/W3023991645","https://openalex.org/W3042507449","https://openalex.org/W3046348921","https://openalex.org/W3048959733","https://openalex.org/W3093563350","https://openalex.org/W3097898190","https://openalex.org/W3108660728","https://openalex.org/W3119827226","https://openalex.org/W3128828844","https://openalex.org/W3156070738","https://openalex.org/W3167452794","https://openalex.org/W3174164185","https://openalex.org/W3175893612","https://openalex.org/W3198580086","https://openalex.org/W3201609477","https://openalex.org/W3204640292","https://openalex.org/W3204652623"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769436535","https://openalex.org/W2034497065","https://openalex.org/W3089665826","https://openalex.org/W2735869303","https://openalex.org/W2980755701","https://openalex.org/W2912747347","https://openalex.org/W4381929093","https://openalex.org/W2790199556","https://openalex.org/W2519883542","https://openalex.org/W2088536121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110,133],"large-scale":[1],"grouping":[2],"of":[3,11,69,129,155],"the":[4,9,12,27,43,54,65,79,103,116,119,127,130,138,143,148,153,156],"battery":[5,13,28,99,144,157],"system":[6],"leads":[7],"to":[8,60,97,106,125],"inconsistency":[10,21,154],"pack.":[14],"Aiming":[15],"at":[16],"tacking":[17],"this":[18],"issue,":[19],"an":[20,32,92],"evaluation":[22],"method":[23,140],"is":[24,85,95,159],"deployed":[25],"for":[26,88],"pack":[29,100,158],"based":[30],"on":[31],"improved":[33,93],"Gaussian":[34],"mixture":[35],"model":[36],"(GMM)":[37],"and":[38,57],"feature":[39],"fusion":[40],"approach.":[41],"Specifically,":[42],"proposed":[44,96,131,139],"adaptive":[45],"forgetting":[46],"factor":[47],"recursive":[48],"least":[49],"squares":[50],"(AFFRLS)":[51],"algorithm":[52,105],"allows":[53],"open-circuit":[55],"voltage":[56],"other":[58],"parameters":[59,145],"be":[61],"jointly":[62],"identified":[63],"without":[64],"open":[66],"circuit":[67],"voltage-state":[68],"charge":[70],"(OCV-SOC)":[71],"test.":[72],"An":[73],"online":[74],"capacity":[75,89],"estimation":[76],"approach":[77,114],"with":[78],"extended":[80],"Kalman":[81],"particle":[82],"filter":[83],"(EPF)":[84],"put":[86],"forward":[87],"estimation.":[90],"Further,":[91],"GMM":[94],"visualize":[98],"inconsistency,":[101],"using":[102],"K-means++":[104],"initialize":[107],"category":[108],"centers.":[109],"standard":[111],"deviation":[112],"coefficient":[113],"quantifies":[115],"inconsistency.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"real-life":[120],"vehicle":[121],"data":[122],"are":[123],"performed":[124],"validate":[126],"effectiveness":[128],"method.":[132],"experimental":[134],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"can":[141],"evaluate":[142],"accurately.":[146],"With":[147],"increase":[149],"in":[150],"service":[151],"time,":[152],"gradually":[160],"deteriorating.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
