{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311166790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3207965","title":"Comparative Analysis of Vehicle-Based and Driver-Based Features for Driver Drowsiness Monitoring by Support Vector Machines","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of Vehicle-Based and Driver-Based Features for Driver Drowsiness Monitoring by Support Vector Machines","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311166790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3207965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3207965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3207965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079945447","display_name":"Mohamed Hedi Baccour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-9598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Hedi Baccour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-9598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004708659","display_name":"Frauke Driewer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frauke Driewer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003536275","display_name":"Tim Sch\u00e4ck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1184-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Schack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1184-3172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz Cars Development Department, Mercedes-Benz AG, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008809634","display_name":"Enkelejda Kasneci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-4484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143910747","display_name":"TH Bingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxkj057","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enkelejda Kasneci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human–Computer Interaction, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-4484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human–Computer Interaction, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8930048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"23164","last_page":"23178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.6170176267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5668665766716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5554269552230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steering-wheel","display_name":"Steering wheel","score":0.5391225814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.5173386931419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.497515469789505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48953232169151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44913047552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4470568895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4403536319732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3953366279602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36686527729034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3618543744087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33399754762649536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.6170176267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5668665766716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5554269552230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780354894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679300","display_name":"Steering wheel","level":2,"score":0.5391225814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.5173386931419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.497515469789505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48953232169151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44913047552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4470568895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4403536319732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3953366279602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36686527729034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3618543744087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33399754762649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3207965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3207965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171173391","https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W1495061682","https://openalex.org/W1506588750","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1577936619","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1853165702","https://openalex.org/W1995819460","https://openalex.org/W2001726698","https://openalex.org/W2013148641","https://openalex.org/W2045033781","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2068611323","https://openalex.org/W2071349716","https://openalex.org/W2083767335","https://openalex.org/W2085986654","https://openalex.org/W2087551323","https://openalex.org/W2094023061","https://openalex.org/W2097745317","https://openalex.org/W2108995755","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2112275577","https://openalex.org/W2114519718","https://openalex.org/W2116646930","https://openalex.org/W2120598715","https://openalex.org/W2126836088","https://openalex.org/W2132417262","https://openalex.org/W2136986820","https://openalex.org/W2143558531","https://openalex.org/W2146182319","https://openalex.org/W2156934513","https://openalex.org/W2170131944","https://openalex.org/W2398206539","https://openalex.org/W2516232124","https://openalex.org/W2520542635","https://openalex.org/W2774445955","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2889173976","https://openalex.org/W2898665421","https://openalex.org/W2965585790","https://openalex.org/W2970855818","https://openalex.org/W2972720192","https://openalex.org/W3016949303","https://openalex.org/W3112787060","https://openalex.org/W3179081543","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4247387102","https://openalex.org/W4256197684","https://openalex.org/W4299408792","https://openalex.org/W6629652716","https://openalex.org/W6630208708","https://openalex.org/W6634732951","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6680245150","https://openalex.org/W6718991148","https://openalex.org/W6767787187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964088109","https://openalex.org/W88404658","https://openalex.org/W2137153430","https://openalex.org/W4206015373","https://openalex.org/W2012205305","https://openalex.org/W2188765750","https://openalex.org/W2260992101","https://openalex.org/W4387406715","https://openalex.org/W2926758280","https://openalex.org/W4234265780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"drowsiness":[1,20,57,105,223],"is":[2,160],"a":[3,72,95,117,138,147,176,191,201],"serious":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,18,38,50,90,133,220],"road":[7,226],"safety.":[8,227],"Most":[9],"driver":[10,73,96,222],"monitoring":[11,74,97],"systems":[12],"(DMSs)":[13],"already":[14],"embedded":[15],"in":[16,153],"vehicles":[17],"detect":[19,221],"use":[21,146,214],"vehicle-based":[22,129],"features":[23,79,132],"(i.e.,":[24],"measures)":[25],"computed":[26],"by":[27,70,162],"outward-facing":[28],"cameras":[29],"for":[30,76],"lane":[31,40],"tracking":[32,77],"or":[33,217],"steering":[34,43],"wheel":[35],"angle":[36],"sensors":[37],"analyze":[39],"keeping":[41],"and":[42,85,123,130,170,213,224],"control":[44],"behavior.":[45],"Such":[46],"DMSs":[47,53,91,101,219],"are":[48],"referred":[49],"as":[51,54,99,102],"indirect":[52,122,187],"they":[55,103],"monitor":[56,104],"indirectly":[58],"through":[59,107],"driving":[60,154],"performance.":[61],"In":[62,112],"this":[63,67,113,143],"work,":[64,114],"we":[65,115,145],"extend":[66],"classical":[68],"technique":[69,169],"using":[71],"camera":[75,98],"driver-based":[78,109,131],"associated":[80],"with":[81],"eye":[82],"blinking":[83],"behavior":[84],"head":[86],"movements.":[87],"We":[88,126],"refer":[89],"based":[92],"only":[93,195],"on":[94],"direct":[100,124,182,216],"directly":[106],"observable":[108],"behavioral":[110],"cues.":[111],"conduct":[116],"comparative":[118,158],"analysis":[119,159],"between":[120],"an":[121],"DMS.":[125,141],"also":[127],"combine":[128],"examine":[134],"the":[135,165,181,186,211],"potential":[136],"of":[137,164,179,194,206,215],"so-called":[139],"hybrid":[140,198,218],"To":[142],"end,":[144],"database":[148],"collected":[149],"from":[150],"70":[151],"participants":[152],"simulator":[155],"experiments.":[156],"The":[157,197],"performed":[161],"means":[163],"correlation-based":[166],"feature":[167],"selection":[168],"support":[171],"vector":[172],"machines":[173],"independently.":[174],"With":[175],"balanced":[177,192,204],"accuracy":[178,193,205],"87.1%,":[180],"DMS":[183,199],"significantly":[184],"outperforms":[185],"DMS,":[188],"which":[189],"reaches":[190],"77.9%.":[196],"achieves":[200],"slightly":[202],"better":[203],"87.7%.":[207],"This":[208],"work":[209],"motivates":[210],"development":[212],"increase":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}