{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287889090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3191752","title":"HMDRL: Hierarchical Mixed Deep Reinforcement Learning to Balance Vehicle Supply and Demand","display_name":"HMDRL: Hierarchical Mixed Deep Reinforcement Learning to Balance Vehicle Supply and Demand","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287889090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3191752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3191752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3191752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056983097","display_name":"Jinhao Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinhao Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042359485","display_name":"Fenghua Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-6968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025706580","display_name":"Peijun Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-9016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijun Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076992681","display_name":"Yisheng Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7565-4979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yisheng Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110364708","display_name":"Haina Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haina Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113600509","display_name":"Fei\u2010Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-3989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei-Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056983097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79711032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"21861","last_page":"21872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7589895725250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6401146650314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5777145624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5360655188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4451686441898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44229254126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4322396218776703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-mode","display_name":"Mixed mode","score":0.4214811325073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3808765709400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.32167744636535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.295154333114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10717380046844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.09284231066703796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7589895725250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6401146650314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5777145624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5360655188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4451686441898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44229254126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4322396218776703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986550218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6883855","display_name":"Mixed mode","level":2,"score":0.4214811325073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3808765709400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32167744636535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.295154333114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10717380046844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09284231066703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3191752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3191752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1262453860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52071312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3465174920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20201600200132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230475793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1909204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6713895969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W855132903","https://openalex.org/W2036785686","https://openalex.org/W2043167816","https://openalex.org/W2094987262","https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2121517924","https://openalex.org/W2133747588","https://openalex.org/W2144744117","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2158548602","https://openalex.org/W2498017881","https://openalex.org/W2569460227","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2808810245","https://openalex.org/W2808959436","https://openalex.org/W2912582449","https://openalex.org/W2914154006","https://openalex.org/W2944821795","https://openalex.org/W2949267040","https://openalex.org/W2962764167","https://openalex.org/W2963262099","https://openalex.org/W2964227312","https://openalex.org/W2964571806","https://openalex.org/W2968301466","https://openalex.org/W2972088616","https://openalex.org/W2985510430","https://openalex.org/W2989958156","https://openalex.org/W3007054387","https://openalex.org/W3012845621","https://openalex.org/W3014141732","https://openalex.org/W3015295488","https://openalex.org/W3017369591","https://openalex.org/W3020398622","https://openalex.org/W3022718705","https://openalex.org/W3024741627","https://openalex.org/W3033337169","https://openalex.org/W3034294191","https://openalex.org/W3080190685","https://openalex.org/W3087809036","https://openalex.org/W3088310808","https://openalex.org/W3096362978","https://openalex.org/W3106464996","https://openalex.org/W3116573272","https://openalex.org/W3120778962","https://openalex.org/W3193498836","https://openalex.org/W3203551307","https://openalex.org/W3208589577","https://openalex.org/W3209329110","https://openalex.org/W3209473267","https://openalex.org/W3212930182","https://openalex.org/W4205815812","https://openalex.org/W4206323491","https://openalex.org/W4221031737","https://openalex.org/W4283364267","https://openalex.org/W6659849045","https://openalex.org/W6683443546","https://openalex.org/W6703271639","https://openalex.org/W6734215269","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6802603743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90],"imbalance":[1],"of":[2,15,77,87,95,110],"vehicle":[3],"supply":[4],"and":[5,54,60,69,104,122,144],"demand":[6],"is":[7,33,48,55,75,81,93,142,146,169],"a":[8,24,70],"common":[9],"phenomenon":[10],"that":[11,74,154],"influences":[12],"the":[13,43,51,66,78,85,88,105,120,123,129,158,165],"efficiency":[14,86],"online":[16],"ride-hailing":[17],"systems":[18],"greatly.":[19],"To":[20],"address":[21],"this":[22],"problem,":[23],"three-level":[25],"hierarchical":[26],"mixed":[27,102],"deep":[28],"reinforcement":[29],"learning":[30],"method":[31],"(HMDRL)":[32],"proposed":[34],"to":[35,83,98,127,173,176,179],"reposition":[36,99],"idle":[37],"vehicles.":[38],"A":[39,136],"manager":[40,121],"operates":[41],"at":[42,65],"top":[44],"level,":[45],"where":[46],"action-abstraction":[47],"conducted":[49],"from":[50],"time":[52],"dimension":[53],"adaptive":[56],"for":[57,119],"spatially":[58],"scalable":[59],"time-varying":[61],"systems.":[62],"Coordinators":[63],"locate":[64],"middle":[67],"level":[68,92],"parallel":[71],"coordination":[72],"mechanism":[73],"independent":[76],"decision":[79],"order":[80,166],"designed":[82,118,143],"improve":[84,128],"repositioning.":[89],"bottom":[91],"composed":[94],"executive":[96],"workers":[97],"vehicles":[100],"with":[101,148],"states":[103,106],"contain":[107],"spatiotemporal":[108],"information":[109],"agents\u2019":[111],"neighbor":[112],"areas.":[113],"Two":[114],"reward":[115],"functions":[116],"are":[117],"coordinators,":[124],"respectively,":[125],"aiming":[126],"training":[130],"effect":[131],"by":[132,171],"avoiding":[133],"sparse":[134],"rewards.":[135],"simulator":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"real":[140],"orders":[141],"HMDRL":[145,155],"compared":[147],"six":[149],"methods.":[150,160],"Experimental":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"outperforms":[156],"all":[157],"other":[159],"In":[161],"three":[162],"comparison":[163],"experiments,":[164],"response":[167],"rate":[168],"increased":[170],"0.62%":[172],"8.29%,":[174],"1.5%":[175],"7.78%,":[177],"1.18%":[178],"4.75%,":[180],"respectively.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}