{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287887913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3190834","title":"Leveraging Graph and Deep Learning Uncertainties to Detect Anomalous Maritime Trajectories","display_name":"Leveraging Graph and Deep Learning Uncertainties to Detect Anomalous Maritime Trajectories","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287887913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3190834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3190834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3190834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061746359","display_name":"Sandeep Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-9832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center, Neustrelitz, Germany","The Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-9832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center, Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025489110","display_name":"Jaya Shradha Fowdur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Shradha Fowdur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Neustrelitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089829631","display_name":"Jakob Gawlikowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Gawlikowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-3590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062410336","display_name":"Daniel Medina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-3269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Neustrelitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2559,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94772602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"23488","last_page":"23502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6912329792976379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6334928274154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5996170043945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5700104236602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4877548813819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.48726168274879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.44060206413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4367198646068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.43559950590133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37628376483917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.13122940063476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12594524025917053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6912329792976379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6334928274154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5996170043945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5700104236602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4877548813819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.48726168274879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.44060206413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4367198646068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.43559950590133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37628376483917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13122940063476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12594524025917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3190834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3190834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:187933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3190834>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60360438","https://openalex.org/W582134693","https://openalex.org/W601603264","https://openalex.org/W1493686399","https://openalex.org/W1910163803","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W2022603014","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2072404118","https://openalex.org/W2083442964","https://openalex.org/W2108795097","https://openalex.org/W2110020117","https://openalex.org/W2110934250","https://openalex.org/W2111918405","https://openalex.org/W2118572719","https://openalex.org/W2122075562","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2165654401","https://openalex.org/W2215617441","https://openalex.org/W2552331162","https://openalex.org/W2584351053","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2604951283","https://openalex.org/W2753820606","https://openalex.org/W2790115023","https://openalex.org/W2803941390","https://openalex.org/W2806471870","https://openalex.org/W2897838656","https://openalex.org/W2944924828","https://openalex.org/W2946713303","https://openalex.org/W2969877158","https://openalex.org/W2990822052","https://openalex.org/W3001750130","https://openalex.org/W3010149122","https://openalex.org/W3011399658","https://openalex.org/W3015961574","https://openalex.org/W3020897684","https://openalex.org/W3034385355","https://openalex.org/W3043674422","https://openalex.org/W3084625338","https://openalex.org/W3089916726","https://openalex.org/W3100019193","https://openalex.org/W3111335524","https://openalex.org/W3113059646","https://openalex.org/W3130808434","https://openalex.org/W3153872914","https://openalex.org/W3172520380","https://openalex.org/W3187123144","https://openalex.org/W3193610988","https://openalex.org/W3207160263","https://openalex.org/W4205453809","https://openalex.org/W6602411459","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6618476874","https://openalex.org/W6639778574","https://openalex.org/W6735443497","https://openalex.org/W6752745768","https://openalex.org/W6768698167","https://openalex.org/W6776905775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323768008","https://openalex.org/W3131574667","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4248382324","https://openalex.org/W4360995134","https://openalex.org/W2387529410","https://openalex.org/W2039473718","https://openalex.org/W3048601286","https://openalex.org/W2965925734","https://openalex.org/W4285218279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,36,41,51,88,121,155,166,172],"representing":[2],"traffic":[3,44,143,188],"patterns":[4,50,144],"are":[5],"key":[6],"to":[7,25,92,115,159],"detecting":[8],"anomalous":[9,94],"trajectories":[10,17],"in":[11,190,195],"the":[12,64,86,122,139,146,149,161,177,185,191],"transportation":[13],"domain.":[14],"However,":[15],"some":[16],"can":[18,53,76],"exhibit":[19],"heterogeneous":[20],"maneuvering":[21],"characteristics":[22],"despite":[23],"confining":[24],"normal":[26],"patterns.":[27],"Thus,":[28],"we":[29,109,174],"propose":[30],"a":[31,67],"novel":[32],"graph-based":[33],"trajectory":[34,78],"representation":[35,141],"association":[37],"scheme":[38],"for":[39,184],"extraction":[40],"confederation":[42],"of":[43,66,119,124,142,148,164,187],"movement":[45],"patterns,":[46],"such":[47,97,152],"that":[48,138,176],"data":[49,87,165],"uncertainty":[52,180],"be":[54],"learned":[55],"by":[56],"deep":[57,112],"learning":[58,113],"(DL)":[59],"models.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"usage":[65],"recurrent":[68],"neural":[69],"network":[70],"(RNN)-based":[71],"evidential":[72,111,154],"regression":[73],"model,":[74],"which":[75],"predict":[77],"at":[79],"future":[80],"timesteps":[81],"as":[82,84,98,153],"well":[83],"estimate":[85],"model":[89],"uncertainties":[90],"associated,":[91],"detect":[93,116],"maritime":[95,192],"trajectories,":[96],"unusual":[99,117],"vessel":[100],"maneuvering,":[101],"using":[102,127],"automatic":[103],"identification":[104],"system":[105],"(AIS)":[106],"data.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"utilize":[110],"classifiers":[114],"turns":[118],"vessels":[120],"loss":[123],"transmitted":[125],"signal":[126],"predicted":[128],"class":[129],"probabilities":[130],"with":[131],"associated":[132,167],"uncertainties.":[133,168],"Our":[134],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"suggest":[137],"graphical":[140],"improves":[145],"ability":[147],"DL":[150],"models,":[151],"Monte":[156],"Carlo":[157],"dropout,":[158],"learn":[160],"temporal-spatial":[162],"correlation":[163],"Using":[169],"different":[170],"datasets":[171],"experiments,":[173],"demonstrate":[175],"estimated":[178],"prediction":[179],"yields":[181],"fundamental":[182],"information":[183],"detection":[186],"anomalies":[189],"and,":[193],"possibly":[194],"other":[196],"domains.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}