{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285307184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3180225","title":"Real-Time Illegal Parking Detection Algorithm in Urban Environments","display_name":"Real-Time Illegal Parking Detection Algorithm in Urban Environments","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285307184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3180225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3180225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3180225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020477816","display_name":"Xinggan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinggan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-8576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016656510","display_name":"Rongzihan Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongzihan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101692230","display_name":"Qi Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-5693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158759","display_name":"University of Glasgow Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/05jzgzx91","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158759"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-5693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158759"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387821","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8519-2114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","I Innovations Private Ltd., Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"I Innovations Private Ltd., Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057937760","display_name":"Dongshun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-0120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongshun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Mind PointEye, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mind PointEye, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062346848","display_name":"Xiaofan Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-3755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofan Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-3755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049506273","display_name":"Zhiping Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-1226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiping Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-1226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061746912","display_name":"Guang-Bin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang-Bin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Mind PointEye, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-4965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mind PointEye, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86113809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"20572","last_page":"20587"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5286598205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43195950984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3748883605003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33559450507164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.272114098072052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5286598205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43195950984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3748883605003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33559450507164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.272114098072052}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3180225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3180225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:272004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:272004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1352737582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRP18-2017-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7310075650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-CRP18-2017-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8529460268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG-100E-2018-014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1576278180","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1928419358","https://openalex.org/W1968969471","https://openalex.org/W1978736542","https://openalex.org/W1992825118","https://openalex.org/W2055444540","https://openalex.org/W2099968951","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113968972","https://openalex.org/W2116724891","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2138260443","https://openalex.org/W2139479830","https://openalex.org/W2143026545","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152473410","https://openalex.org/W2153567777","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165725739","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213612645","https://openalex.org/W2276221465","https://openalex.org/W2533877978","https://openalex.org/W2564807118","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2586757667","https://openalex.org/W2660006607","https://openalex.org/W2776855315","https://openalex.org/W2793746397","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2886769096","https://openalex.org/W2903700947","https://openalex.org/W2903925723","https://openalex.org/W2915385979","https://openalex.org/W2920270483","https://openalex.org/W2921126716","https://openalex.org/W2945408524","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2973696262","https://openalex.org/W2974646966","https://openalex.org/W2997540799","https://openalex.org/W2997900157","https://openalex.org/W3011393735","https://openalex.org/W3015736093","https://openalex.org/W3019099014","https://openalex.org/W3021479140","https://openalex.org/W3034566037","https://openalex.org/W3042482584","https://openalex.org/W3042556338","https://openalex.org/W3087969945","https://openalex.org/W3104355964","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3119259608","https://openalex.org/W3119896231","https://openalex.org/W3146908196","https://openalex.org/W4206686222","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4300124531","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6737309142","https://openalex.org/W6747043858","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6793144049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"illegal":[1,38,73,122,133,138,210],"parking":[2,39,74,123,139,159,211],"detection":[3,40,61,75,124,186,201],"tasks":[4],"are":[5,51],"mainly":[6],"achieved":[7],"through":[8],"manually":[9],"checking":[10],"by":[11],"enforcement":[12,96],"officers":[13],"on":[14],"patrol":[15],"or":[16,31],"using":[17,63,68,89],"Closed-Circuit":[18],"Television":[19],"(CCTV)":[20],"cameras.":[21],"However,":[22],"these":[23],"methods":[24],"either":[25],"need":[26],"high":[27],"human":[28,146],"labour":[29,46],"costs":[30,34,148],"demand":[32],"installation":[33,49,102],"and":[35,47,101,145,157],"procedures.":[36],"Therefore,":[37],"solutions,":[41],"which":[42],"can":[43,203],"reduce":[44,99],"significant":[45],"equipment":[48],"costs,":[50],"highly":[52],"demanded.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"a":[57,151,155,205],"novel":[58,128],"voting":[59],"based":[60],"algorithm":[62,187,202],"deep":[64],"learning":[65],"networks":[66],"implemented":[67],"in-vehicle":[69,81],"cameras":[70,82,92],"to":[71,98,181,191],"achieve":[72],"with":[76,108,115],"multiple":[77],"offences\u2019":[78],"types.":[79],"Adopting":[80],"better":[83,152],"matches":[84],"real-world":[85],"mobile":[86],"scenarios":[87],"than":[88,110],"traditional":[90],"CCTV":[91],"as":[93],"this":[94],"helps":[95],"authorities":[97],"manpower":[100],"costs.":[103],"A":[104],"well-constructed":[105],"new":[106],"dataset":[107],"more":[109],"10000":[111],"high-quality":[112],"labelled":[113],"images":[114],"seven":[116],"object":[117],"categories":[118],"is":[119,135],"built":[120],"for":[121,137,207],"tasks.":[125],"Additionally,":[126],"one":[127],"labelling":[129,147],"method":[130],"named":[131],"\u201cminimal":[132],"units\u201d":[134],"proposed":[136,185,200],"detection.":[140,212],"It":[141],"reduces":[142],"the":[143,167,173,184],"time":[144],"significantly,":[149],"achieving":[150],"correlation":[153],"of":[154,170],"vehicle":[156],"its":[158],"type.":[160],"The":[161],"experiments":[162],"have":[163],"been":[164,179],"conducted":[165],"in":[166,195,209],"urban":[168],"areas":[169],"Singapore.":[171],"Furthermore,":[172],"illumination":[174,193],"robustness":[175],"test":[176],"has":[177],"also":[178],"performed":[180],"illustrate":[182],"that":[183],"exhibits":[188],"strong":[189],"resistance":[190],"changing":[192],"conditions":[194],"varied":[196],"operating":[197],"environments.":[198],"Our":[199],"provide":[204],"benchmark":[206],"research":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}