{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285106623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3170643","title":"Ensemble Deep Learning for Sustainable Multimodal UAV Classification","display_name":"Ensemble Deep Learning for Sustainable Multimodal UAV Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285106623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3170643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3170643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3170643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062340789","display_name":"James McCoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7249-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James McCoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012175328","display_name":"Atul Rawal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atul Rawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046343080","display_name":"Danda B. Rawat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danda B. Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053858045","display_name":"Brian M. Sadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-3812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian M. Sadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062340789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94980752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"15425","last_page":"15434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6770530939102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6737920641899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5648723840713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5594825744628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5322762727737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.5221129655838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.5095058083534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47209876775741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4426718056201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4010118544101715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1874879002571106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6770530939102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6737920641899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5648723840713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5594825744628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5322762727737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.5221129655838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.5095058083534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47209876775741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4426718056201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4010118544101715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1874879002571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3170643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3170643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4114661379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-20-2-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2193353539","https://openalex.org/W2312381234","https://openalex.org/W2520146394","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2897884082","https://openalex.org/W2914118141","https://openalex.org/W2962680212","https://openalex.org/W2962751492","https://openalex.org/W2970731346","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W2982164728","https://openalex.org/W2999467118","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3041916388","https://openalex.org/W3042867243","https://openalex.org/W3094175236","https://openalex.org/W3100777112","https://openalex.org/W6683965311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W3124943098","https://openalex.org/W4308112567","https://openalex.org/W3162132941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"have":[4,32],"increasingly":[5],"shown":[6],"to":[7,70,97],"be":[8],"useful":[9],"in":[10,27],"civilian":[11],"applications":[12],"(such":[13],"as":[14],"agriculture,":[15],"public":[16],"safety,":[17],"surveillance)":[18],"and":[19,29,45,54,77,94,107,117,137],"mission":[20],"critical":[21],"military":[22],"applications.":[23],"Despite":[24],"the":[25,71,121,125,145],"growth":[26],"popularity":[28],"applications,":[30],"UAVs":[31,102],"also":[33],"been":[34,60],"used":[35],"for":[36,62,113,149],"malicious":[37,101,151],"purposes.":[38],"In":[39],"such":[40],"instances,":[41],"their":[42],"timely":[43],"detection":[44,116],"identification":[46],"has":[47,59,91],"garnished":[48],"rising":[49],"interest":[50],"from":[51,132],"government,":[52],"industry":[53],"academia.":[55],"While":[56],"much":[57],"work":[58],"done":[61],"detecting":[63,150],"UAVs,":[64],"there":[65],"still":[66],"exist":[67],"limitations":[68],"related":[69,147],"impact":[72],"of":[73,124],"extreme":[74],"environmental":[75],"conditions":[76],"big":[78],"dataset":[79],"requirements.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"proposes":[83],"a":[84],"novel":[85],"ensemble":[86],"deep":[87,95],"learning":[88],"framework":[89],"that":[90],"hybrid":[92],"synthetic":[93],"features":[96],"detect":[98],"unauthorized":[99],"or":[100],"by":[103],"using":[104,128,134],"acoustic,":[105,135],"image/video":[106,136],"wireless":[108,138],"radio":[109],"frequency":[110],"(RF)":[111],"signals":[112],"robust":[114],"UAV":[115],"classification.":[118],"We":[119],"present":[120],"performance":[122],"evaluation":[123],"proposed":[126,142],"approach":[127,143],"numerical":[129],"results":[130],"obtained":[131],"experiments":[133],"RF":[139],"signals.":[140],"The":[141],"outperforms":[144],"existing":[146],"approaches":[148],"UAVs.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}