{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225537613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3166275","title":"A New Unsupervised Deep Learning Algorithm for Fine-Grained Detection of Driver Distraction","display_name":"A New Unsupervised Deep Learning Algorithm for Fine-Grained Detection of Driver Distraction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225537613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3166275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3166275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3166275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751129","display_name":"Bing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1392-8502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332983","display_name":"Jie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-4331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-4331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049963236","display_name":"Zhixiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-9075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-9075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457221","display_name":"Haitao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2436-113X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083333420","display_name":"Jianming Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianming Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038632244","display_name":"Jingmin Xi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingmin Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114546988","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-6022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-6022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112599196","display_name":"Zhongcheng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongcheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95374249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"19272","last_page":"19284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.8317135572433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7445081472396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6662086248397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distracted-driving","display_name":"Distracted driving","score":0.5999835133552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5995995998382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.560160756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5321642160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.42625701427459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4209875166416168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.41253340244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3579060733318329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32314103841781616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.8317135572433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7445081472396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6662086248397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283083","display_name":"Distracted driving","level":3,"score":0.5999835133552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5995995998382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.560160756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5321642160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.42625701427459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4209875166416168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.41253340244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3579060733318329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32314103841781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3166275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2022.3166275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3093136364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2008085QF284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714812384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M671851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6549235106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361190652","https://openalex.org/W1595084348","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2052086489","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2172717914","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2555897561","https://openalex.org/W2746562333","https://openalex.org/W2791101340","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2889178707","https://openalex.org/W2890157139","https://openalex.org/W2897940545","https://openalex.org/W2904249184","https://openalex.org/W2908986800","https://openalex.org/W2912346386","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2947978977","https://openalex.org/W2952934820","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3009561768","https://openalex.org/W3026578319","https://openalex.org/W3031524693","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3089356117","https://openalex.org/W3100859887","https://openalex.org/W3116500504","https://openalex.org/W3124956299","https://openalex.org/W3138261736","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3139457828","https://openalex.org/W3145450063","https://openalex.org/W3153065833","https://openalex.org/W3157506437","https://openalex.org/W3157528469","https://openalex.org/W3157914380","https://openalex.org/W3163465952","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3172127294","https://openalex.org/W3175829748","https://openalex.org/W4214642259","https://openalex.org/W4297665946","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W4298947612","https://openalex.org/W6622996551","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6713132643","https://openalex.org/W6730323794","https://openalex.org/W6740710302","https://openalex.org/W6743411554","https://openalex.org/W6753767121","https://openalex.org/W6763789924","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6774670964","https://openalex.org/W6775845032","https://openalex.org/W6779326418","https://openalex.org/W6779977557","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6787740928","https://openalex.org/W6791572863","https://openalex.org/W6794345597","https://openalex.org/W6795045487","https://openalex.org/W6795140394","https://openalex.org/W6795252178","https://openalex.org/W6796417832","https://openalex.org/W6796550308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W626594146","https://openalex.org/W2051187670","https://openalex.org/W2946368029","https://openalex.org/W2891960815","https://openalex.org/W2169604921","https://openalex.org/W3134108314","https://openalex.org/W3014797439","https://openalex.org/W4394006065","https://openalex.org/W4205975769","https://openalex.org/W2891012803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"accidents":[1,13,26],"caused":[2,27],"by":[3,28],"distracted":[4,29],"drivers":[5,22],"account":[6],"for":[7],"a":[8,33,78,92,101,117,130,139,180],"large":[9,59],"proportion":[10],"of":[11,21,42,96,184,214,225],"traffic":[12,25],"each":[14],"year,":[15],"and":[16,62,75,120,128,138,174,223],"monitoring":[17],"the":[18,40,110,146,215,221],"driving":[19,30],"state":[20],"to":[23,87,90,115,123,144,148,201],"avoid":[24],"has":[31],"become":[32],"very":[34],"important":[35],"research":[36],"direction.":[37],"At":[38],"present,":[39],"field":[41],"driver":[43,71,158,170],"distraction":[44,72,159,171],"detection":[45,74,160],"mainly":[46],"adopts":[47],"supervised":[48,203],"learning":[49,82,105,137,204],"methods,":[50,205],"which":[51,84,218],"have":[52],"problems":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55,88],"poor":[56],"generalization":[57,177],"ability,":[58],"labeling":[60],"cost,":[61],"weak":[63],"artificial":[64],"intelligence.":[65,97],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"is":[68,85,142],"oriented":[69],"toward":[70],"fine-grained":[73],"innovatively":[76],"proposes":[77],"new":[79,102,118,131],"unsupervised":[80,103],"deep":[81,104],"algorithm,":[83],"referred":[86],"UDL,":[89],"achieve":[91,197],"more":[93,150],"human-like":[94],"level":[95],"First,":[98],"we":[99,108],"build":[100,116],"algorithm;":[106],"furthermore,":[107],"integrate":[109],"multilayer":[111],"perceptron":[112],"(MLP)":[113],"architecture":[114],"backbone":[119],"projection":[121],"head":[122],"strengthen":[124],"feature":[125],"extraction":[126],"capabilities;":[127],"finally,":[129],"loss":[132],"function":[133],"based":[134],"on":[135,156],"contrast":[136],"stop-gradient":[140],"strategy":[141],"designed":[143],"guide":[145],"model":[147],"learn":[149],"robust":[151],"features.":[152],"The":[153],"comparison":[154],"results":[155],"large-scale":[157],"datasets":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163],"our":[164,193],"UDL":[165,194],"method":[166,195],"can":[167,196],"accurately":[168],"detect":[169],"without":[172],"labels":[173],"exhibits":[175],"excellent":[176],"performance":[178,199],"with":[179,190],"linear":[181],"evaluation":[182],"accuracy":[183,208],"97.38%;":[185],"In":[186],"addition,":[187],"after":[188,209],"fine-tuning":[189,210],"fewer":[191],"labels,":[192],"superior":[198],"close":[200],"state-of-the-art":[202],"achieving":[206],"99.07%":[207],"using":[211],"only":[212],"50%":[213],"labeled":[216],"data,":[217],"greatly":[219],"reduces":[220],"cost":[222],"limitations":[224],"manual":[226],"annotation.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
