{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213657769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","title":"Maritime Anomaly Detection in a Real-World Scenario: <i>Ever Given</i> Grounding in the Suez Canal","display_name":"Maritime Anomaly Detection in a Real-World Scenario: <i>Ever Given</i> Grounding in the Suez Canal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213657769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","mag":"3213657769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1312323","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021918420","display_name":"Nicola Forti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-1616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Forti","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-1616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049571196","display_name":"Enrica d\u2019Afflisio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-7394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrica d'Afflisio","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042374975","display_name":"Paolo Braca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-4373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Braca","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-4373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049659813","display_name":"Leonardo M. Millefiori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2242-0028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo M. Millefiori","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2242-0028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019392883","display_name":"Peter Willett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-5586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Willett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-5586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033635341","display_name":"Sandro Carniel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandro Carniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5171,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94815556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"13904","last_page":"13910"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-identification-system","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","score":0.7767866849899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suez-canal","display_name":"Suez canal","score":0.6768149137496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6312795877456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5360868573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5155096054077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.49136701226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4806879460811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground","display_name":"Ground","score":0.4652951955795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4480118751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.43882936239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4254632592201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4193836748600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38957875967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3418118357658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3260599374771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3220083713531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1421164870262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11728382110595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09432661533355713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146997752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787197","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","level":2,"score":0.7767866849899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991912704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899","display_name":"Suez canal","level":2,"score":0.6768149137496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6312795877456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5360868573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5155096054077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49136701226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4806879460811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.4652951955795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4480118751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.43882936239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4254632592201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4193836748600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38957875967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3418118357658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3260599374771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3220083713531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1421164870262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11728382110595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09432661533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3123890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1144021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1144021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1312323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1312323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1312323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1312323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320317","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501262304","https://openalex.org/W1910163803","https://openalex.org/W2083442964","https://openalex.org/W2090677252","https://openalex.org/W2122630306","https://openalex.org/W2130494750","https://openalex.org/W2156933804","https://openalex.org/W2565153392","https://openalex.org/W2572270144","https://openalex.org/W2577404749","https://openalex.org/W2625848625","https://openalex.org/W2790115023","https://openalex.org/W2845622816","https://openalex.org/W2889603650","https://openalex.org/W2889675211","https://openalex.org/W2897838656","https://openalex.org/W2911245743","https://openalex.org/W2937593748","https://openalex.org/W3096245097","https://openalex.org/W3108524391","https://openalex.org/W3112751475","https://openalex.org/W3119490841","https://openalex.org/W3187117672","https://openalex.org/W3197255421","https://openalex.org/W3199820141","https://openalex.org/W3207160263","https://openalex.org/W3209024689","https://openalex.org/W4247865621","https://openalex.org/W6639778574","https://openalex.org/W6679329542","https://openalex.org/W6684465625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4291604919","https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4377864969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"how":[5],"automatic":[6],"maritime":[7],"anomaly":[8,43],"detection":[9],"tools":[10],"can":[11],"be":[12],"successfully":[13],"applied":[14],"in":[15,34],"real-world":[16],"situations":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"the":[20,24,35,49,71,93,112,117,124,140],"major":[21],"event":[22],"of":[23,52,75],"container":[25],"vessel":[26],"<italic":[27,118],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[28,119],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Ever":[29,120],"Given</i>":[30,121],",":[31,122],"which":[32],"grounded":[33],"Suez":[36],"Canal":[37],"on":[38,111],"March":[39],"23rd":[40],"2021.":[41],"The":[42],"detector":[44,126],"is":[45,82],"designed":[46],"to":[47,85,133],"process":[48],"available":[50],"sequence":[51],"Automatic":[53],"Identification":[54],"System":[55],"(AIS)":[56],"reports,":[57],"information":[58,69],"from":[59,92,116],"ground-based":[60],"or":[61,88],"satellite":[62],"radar":[63],"systems":[64],"if":[65],"available,":[66],"and":[67,131],"contextual":[68],"defining":[70],"expected":[72],"nominal":[73,94],"behavior":[74,95,135],"navigation.":[76],"A":[77],"statistical":[78],"hypothesis":[79],"testing":[80],"procedure":[81],"sequentially":[83],"run":[84],"decide":[86],"whether":[87],"not":[89],"a":[90,98],"deviation":[91],"happened":[96],"within":[97],"specific":[99],"time":[100],"period,":[101],"for":[102],"instance":[103],"two":[104],"consecutive":[105],"data":[106,115],"points.":[107],"We":[108],"show,":[109],"based":[110],"recorded":[113],"AIS":[114],"that":[123],"proposed":[125],"could":[127],"have":[128],"been":[129],"triggered":[130],"alerted":[132],"anomalous":[134],"fully":[136],"19":[137],"minutes":[138],"before":[139],"grounding.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}