{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198104311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","title":"Toward Physical Layer Security and Efficiency for SAGIN: A WFRFT-Based Parallel Complex-Valued Spectrum Spreading Approach","display_name":"Toward Physical Layer Security and Efficiency for SAGIN: A WFRFT-Based Parallel Complex-Valued Spectrum Spreading Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198104311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","mag":"3198104311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060865895","display_name":"Xiaojie Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3337-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111963262","display_name":"Zhaopeng Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaopeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108614594","display_name":"Xinyu Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349496","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-0408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083179738","display_name":"Xuejun Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6204-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuejun Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417312","display_name":"Hongli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060865895"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85188099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"2819","last_page":"2829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6891388893127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6569318771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5209723114967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.4898821711540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4770576059818268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4370659291744232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3239611089229584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17701005935668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.14366501569747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11130869388580322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6891388893127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6569318771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5209723114967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.4898821711540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4770576059818268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4370659291744232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3239611089229584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17701005935668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.14366501569747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11130869388580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3109118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1284089183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YQ2021F003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1995261545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3722823188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M650067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5449968737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540714528","https://openalex.org/W1950937894","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W2015105729","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2106515734","https://openalex.org/W2134968843","https://openalex.org/W2135137654","https://openalex.org/W2153412006","https://openalex.org/W2402043120","https://openalex.org/W2509004749","https://openalex.org/W2585026988","https://openalex.org/W2602871471","https://openalex.org/W2621968521","https://openalex.org/W2797097527","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2888360891","https://openalex.org/W2889655092","https://openalex.org/W2897537923","https://openalex.org/W2897908765","https://openalex.org/W2913132074","https://openalex.org/W2946120941","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2962691117","https://openalex.org/W2963117265","https://openalex.org/W2963580658","https://openalex.org/W2964345771","https://openalex.org/W2980053862","https://openalex.org/W2980693850","https://openalex.org/W2980954847","https://openalex.org/W2981994442","https://openalex.org/W3035529916","https://openalex.org/W3041532898","https://openalex.org/W3105108969","https://openalex.org/W3108769052","https://openalex.org/W3110641849","https://openalex.org/W3120878867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476577700","https://openalex.org/W2994999158","https://openalex.org/W1917092277","https://openalex.org/W2945523224","https://openalex.org/W4313639042","https://openalex.org/W2444418218","https://openalex.org/W1521353230","https://openalex.org/W2727597159","https://openalex.org/W1596201972","https://openalex.org/W2160425906"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space-air-ground":[0],"integrated":[1],"network":[2,13,47],"(SAGIN),":[3],"as":[4,21,194],"an":[5,29,199],"integration":[6],"of":[7,23,35,53,57,60,90,99,113,119,131,137,141,148,180,187,197,214],"interconnected":[8],"space,":[9],"air,":[10],"and":[11,38,45,51,88,190,210],"ground":[12],"segments,":[14],"is":[15,81,124,146,204],"expected":[16],"to":[17,83,206],"see":[18],"prevalent":[19],"usage":[20],"part":[22],"intelligent":[24],"transportation":[25],"systems":[26],"(ITS),":[27],"providing":[28,149],"enhanced":[30],"service":[31],"provision":[32],"in":[33,152,173,185],"terms":[34,186],"coverage,":[36],"flexibility":[37,151],"reliability.":[39],"However,":[40],"restricted":[41],"by":[42,126],"the":[43,49,54,85,93,103,110,114,120,128,132,138,143,157,162,168,178,181,208,211,215],"limited":[44],"unbalanced":[46],"resources,":[48],"efficiency":[50,87,189],"security":[52,89,111],"underlying":[55],"connectivities":[56],"SAGIN":[58,91],"are":[59],"utmost":[61],"concern":[62],"for":[63],"ITS":[64],"applications.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"a":[69,195],"weighted":[70],"fractional":[71],"Fourier":[72],"transform":[73],"(WFRFT)":[74],"based":[75],"parallel":[76],"complex":[77],"spreading":[78],"(PCS)":[79],"approach":[80],"proposed":[82,115,144,163,182,216],"improve":[84],"communication":[86,188],"at":[92],"physical":[94],"(PHY-)":[95],"layer.":[96],"The":[97,117],"concept":[98],"WFRFT":[100],"along":[101],"with":[102],"direct":[104],"sequence":[105],"spread":[106],"spectrum":[107],"technology":[108],"establish":[109],"kernel":[112],"scheme.":[116,217],"practicability":[118,209],"complex-valued":[121,158],"WFRFT-spreading":[122,133,159],"architecture":[123],"verified":[125],"studying":[127],"correlation":[129],"properties":[130],"signals.":[134],"Taking":[135],"advantages":[136],"signal":[139,153],"uniqueness":[140],"WFRFT,":[142],"scheme":[145,164,184],"capable":[147],"more":[150],"characteristic":[154],"control.":[155],"Moreover,":[156],"processing":[160],"makes":[161],"inherently":[165],"robust":[166],"against":[167],"large":[169],"Doppler":[170],"shift":[171],"distortions":[172],"SAGIN.":[174],"Simulation":[175],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"superiority":[179],"WFRFT-PCS":[183],"PHY-layer":[191],"security.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"proof":[196],"concept,":[198],"all-digital":[200],"FPGA":[201],"prototype":[202],"system":[203],"designed":[205],"show":[207],"performance":[212],"enhancement":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}