{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199168262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","title":"A Train Protection Logic Based on Topological Manifolds for Virtual Coupling","display_name":"A Train Protection Logic Based on Topological Manifolds for Virtual Coupling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199168262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","mag":"3199168262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419823","display_name":"Yong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8205-0006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8205-0006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386400","display_name":"Haifeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118977","display_name":"Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Rail Transit Design & Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02zznv955","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118977"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050442330","display_name":"Phillip James","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip James","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089343934","display_name":"Markus Roggenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-2787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Roggenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052586688","display_name":"Daxin Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7796-5650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daxin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7796-5650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92379079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"11930","last_page":"11945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6996371150016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6294238567352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headway","display_name":"Headway","score":0.6048564910888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5964314937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.5700228214263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.555256724357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.48785996437072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-logic","display_name":"Control logic","score":0.4537894129753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-manifold","display_name":"Topological manifold","score":0.43260663747787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4216920733451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4101239740848541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3754814863204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3578723073005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27522557973861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26398521661758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22285619378089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.1920836865901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12567472457885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11335518956184387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6996371150016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6294238567352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779240695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4383682","display_name":"Headway","level":2,"score":0.6048564910888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5964314937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.5700228214263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.555256724357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.48785996437072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776350369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843479","display_name":"Control logic","level":2,"score":0.4537894129753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154804608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2721559","display_name":"Topological manifold","level":5,"score":0.43260663747787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4216920733451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4101239740848541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3754814863204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3578723073005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27522557973861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26398521661758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22285619378089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.1920836865901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12567472457885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11335518956184387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55112680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190549","display_name":"Functional analysis","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178099376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825044","display_name":"Topological tensor product","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3108840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa57959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa57959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401613","display_name":"Cronfa (Swansea University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","host_organization_name":"Swansea University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1471212736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M690295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2668996079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61822101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6344492139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB340703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7686647633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7950865698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8254294870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L191001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G839227407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1201500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290481602","https://openalex.org/W1508953807","https://openalex.org/W1966865538","https://openalex.org/W2045661552","https://openalex.org/W2063193040","https://openalex.org/W2072149862","https://openalex.org/W2091996173","https://openalex.org/W2114107293","https://openalex.org/W2119034006","https://openalex.org/W2153173530","https://openalex.org/W2411284738","https://openalex.org/W2472154129","https://openalex.org/W2528523869","https://openalex.org/W2529088006","https://openalex.org/W2529421307","https://openalex.org/W2529971118","https://openalex.org/W2760530471","https://openalex.org/W2766369051","https://openalex.org/W2767965410","https://openalex.org/W2795847297","https://openalex.org/W2799923404","https://openalex.org/W2808080995","https://openalex.org/W2870677419","https://openalex.org/W2910028902","https://openalex.org/W2944848986","https://openalex.org/W2950366281","https://openalex.org/W2971029656","https://openalex.org/W2996142565","https://openalex.org/W3016260189","https://openalex.org/W4231365309","https://openalex.org/W6735419244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897407000","https://openalex.org/W2048320925","https://openalex.org/W4402155500","https://openalex.org/W2355622298","https://openalex.org/W2150962269","https://openalex.org/W2021019644","https://openalex.org/W3087384592","https://openalex.org/W906275019","https://openalex.org/W2913215250","https://openalex.org/W4307565716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"coupling":[1,73,96,181],"is":[2],"a":[3,35,58,110,117,124,141,163,174,179],"promising":[4],"innovation":[5],"aimed":[6],"at":[7],"increasing":[8],"railway":[9,14],"capacity.":[10],"Compared":[11],"to":[12,23,37,53,66,133,162,177],"current":[13],"signaling":[15],"systems,":[16],"it":[17],"allows":[18,131],"two":[19],"or":[20],"more":[21],"trains":[22,139],"run":[24],"with":[25,127],"reduced":[26,32],"headway":[27],"between":[28],"them.":[29],"However,":[30],"such":[31],"headways":[33],"are":[34,112],"challenge":[36,45],"safety.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40,44],"work":[41],"we":[42,157],"consider":[43,134],"by":[46],"formally":[47],"describing":[48],"and":[49,88,106,114,140],"verifying":[50],"an":[51],"approach":[52],"virtual":[54,72,95,154,180],"coupling.":[55,155],"We":[56,77,98],"propose":[57],"general":[59],"modeling":[60],"method":[61,172],"based":[62],"on":[63],"topological":[64,86],"manifolds":[65],"describe":[67,79],"the":[68,80,90,101,121,135,147,159,170],"protection":[69,151],"logic":[70,152,182],"for":[71,153],"train":[74,82],"control":[75,83],"systems.":[76],"also":[78],"basic":[81],"elements":[84],"in":[85],"terms":[87],"analyze":[89],"line":[91,102],"condition":[92,103],"of":[93,120,123,138,143,149],"our":[94,150],"logic.":[97],"establish":[99,146],"that":[100,145,169],"safety":[104],"requirements":[105],"its":[107],"representation":[108],"as":[109],"manifold":[111,128],"equivalent":[113],"further":[115],"provide":[116],"formal":[118],"definition":[119],"concept":[122],"movement":[125],"authority":[126],"notations.":[129],"This":[130],"us":[132],"dynamic":[136],"behavior":[137],"series":[142],"theorems":[144],"correctness":[148],"Finally,":[156],"apply":[158],"presented":[160],"methods":[161],"case":[164],"study.":[165],"The":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"proposed":[171],"provides":[173],"suitable":[175],"way":[176],"realize":[178],"safely.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}