{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090234698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem With Time Windows","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem With Time Windows","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090234698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","mag":"3090234698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02068","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029106678","display_name":"Bo Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-9171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084563518","display_name":"Bissan Ghaddar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4695-200X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bissan Ghaddar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ivey Business School, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ivey Business School, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061767771","display_name":"Jatin Nathwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3020-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jatin Nathwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029106678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98847684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"11528","last_page":"11538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.698982834815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.5702009201049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5663982629776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4379033148288727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4003630578517914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19571667909622192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.698982834815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.5702009201049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5663982629776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4379033148288727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4003630578517914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19571667909622192}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3105232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.02068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02068","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.02068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02068","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3869244148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-04185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329762","display_name":"Energy Council of Canada","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1585546214","https://openalex.org/W1597286183","https://openalex.org/W2010863474","https://openalex.org/W2036719174","https://openalex.org/W2076887547","https://openalex.org/W2094764575","https://openalex.org/W2096305430","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2299115575","https://openalex.org/W2507756961","https://openalex.org/W2547563495","https://openalex.org/W2560592986","https://openalex.org/W2563592268","https://openalex.org/W2592864539","https://openalex.org/W2607264901","https://openalex.org/W2786776430","https://openalex.org/W2891230096","https://openalex.org/W2912555327","https://openalex.org/W2915987858","https://openalex.org/W2922429874","https://openalex.org/W2938157874","https://openalex.org/W2950058920","https://openalex.org/W2951846985","https://openalex.org/W2952332632","https://openalex.org/W2962979969","https://openalex.org/W2963117013","https://openalex.org/W2963382544","https://openalex.org/W2963867952","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2982210950","https://openalex.org/W2998327136","https://openalex.org/W3034808617","https://openalex.org/W3043239066","https://openalex.org/W3047863327","https://openalex.org/W3113097567","https://openalex.org/W3115072041","https://openalex.org/W4295138992","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6634919779","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6697873463","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6730742100","https://openalex.org/W6734394903","https://openalex.org/W6748262478","https://openalex.org/W6748487558","https://openalex.org/W6754582438","https://openalex.org/W6758687306","https://openalex.org/W6760302811","https://openalex.org/W6763825347","https://openalex.org/W6780949593"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4312143452","https://openalex.org/W2018691209","https://openalex.org/W4247364272","https://openalex.org/W3133151256","https://openalex.org/W2132920749","https://openalex.org/W2101108574","https://openalex.org/W2157331354","https://openalex.org/W2626773395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3],"seen":[4],"a":[5,36,77,83],"rapid":[6],"penetration":[7],"of":[8,35,116],"electric":[9,23],"vehicles":[10,24],"(EVs)":[11,25],"as":[12],"more":[13,15],"and":[14,17,76],"logistics":[16],"transportation":[18],"companies":[19],"start":[20],"to":[21,31,61,81,111],"deploy":[22],"for":[26,86],"service":[27],"provision.":[28],"In":[29,50,65],"order":[30],"model":[32,71,91,108],"the":[33,42,63,73,88,106],"operations":[34],"commercial":[37],"EV":[38,43],"fleet,":[39],"we":[40,53,67],"utilize":[41],"routing":[44],"problem":[45],"with":[46,98,123],"time":[47],"windows":[48],"(EVRPTW).":[49],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"propose":[54],"an":[55,69],"end-to-end":[56],"deep":[57],"reinforcement":[58],"learning":[59],"framework":[60],"solve":[62,113],"EVRPTW.":[64,89],"particular,":[66],"develop":[68],"attention":[70],"incorporating":[72],"pointer":[74],"network":[75],"graph":[78],"embedding":[79],"layer":[80],"parameterize":[82],"stochastic":[84],"policy":[85,96],"solving":[87],"is":[92,109],"then":[93],"trained":[94],"using":[95],"gradient":[97],"rollout":[99],"baseline.":[100],"Our":[101],"numerical":[102],"studies":[103],"show":[104],"that":[105,119],"proposed":[107],"able":[110],"efficiently":[112],"EVRPTW":[114],"instances":[115],"large":[117],"sizes":[118],"are":[120],"not":[121],"solvable":[122],"current":[124],"existing":[125],"approaches.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2020-10-08T00:00:00"}
