{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193620895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","title":"Intelligent Nanoscopic Cyclist Crash Modelling for Variable Environmental Conditions","display_name":"Intelligent Nanoscopic Cyclist Crash Modelling for Variable Environmental Conditions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193620895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","mag":"3193620895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039596700","display_name":"Faheem Ahmed Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-4526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faheem Ahmed Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-4526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074283081","display_name":"Laurent Dala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5836-6994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Dala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012697287","display_name":"Krishna Busawon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-0824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Busawon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-0824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64678521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"11178","last_page":"11189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.5127819180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5018491744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.49611935019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.49369677901268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.472099244594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.46520477533340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.4598586857318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.4481670558452606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4470745921134949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.4439021944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-surface","display_name":"Road surface","score":0.42406606674194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.41540247201919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3434791564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3280981183052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3187553882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2516728639602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.2275313436985016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.20270109176635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19760864973068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.1047569215297699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5127819180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5018491744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.49611935019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.49369677901268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.472099244594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.46520477533340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.4598586857318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.4481670558452606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4470745921134949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4439021944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780042925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049667","display_name":"Road surface","level":2,"score":0.42406606674194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.41540247201919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3434791564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3280981183052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3187553882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2516728639602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.2275313436985016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.20270109176635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19760864973068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1047569215297699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3101118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:46902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/46902/1/Malik_Dala_Busawon_01_June_second_revision_Environmental_condition.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603393287","https://openalex.org/W620835849","https://openalex.org/W1473563498","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1884117876","https://openalex.org/W1967444754","https://openalex.org/W1969813114","https://openalex.org/W1980399291","https://openalex.org/W2002011878","https://openalex.org/W2003069895","https://openalex.org/W2005241140","https://openalex.org/W2016782899","https://openalex.org/W2017856995","https://openalex.org/W2022212947","https://openalex.org/W2025337382","https://openalex.org/W2036714794","https://openalex.org/W2040934735","https://openalex.org/W2051098712","https://openalex.org/W2058512465","https://openalex.org/W2067104831","https://openalex.org/W2067700472","https://openalex.org/W2075097073","https://openalex.org/W2077800278","https://openalex.org/W2082134179","https://openalex.org/W2104572114","https://openalex.org/W2106220766","https://openalex.org/W2128079683","https://openalex.org/W2137634620","https://openalex.org/W2145367400","https://openalex.org/W2156520753","https://openalex.org/W2165992730","https://openalex.org/W2172503683","https://openalex.org/W2196938255","https://openalex.org/W2417144664","https://openalex.org/W2475621808","https://openalex.org/W2538555121","https://openalex.org/W2609775580","https://openalex.org/W2757378353","https://openalex.org/W2808368085","https://openalex.org/W2860988633","https://openalex.org/W2893684640","https://openalex.org/W2898887680","https://openalex.org/W2900815881","https://openalex.org/W3000998105","https://openalex.org/W3002282062","https://openalex.org/W3092104878","https://openalex.org/W4240579883","https://openalex.org/W4244121576","https://openalex.org/W4250693646","https://openalex.org/W4300869678","https://openalex.org/W6619528568","https://openalex.org/W6628601772","https://openalex.org/W6755793329","https://openalex.org/W6776050959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W626940945","https://openalex.org/W375763875","https://openalex.org/W2040826996","https://openalex.org/W2111579573","https://openalex.org/W120748129","https://openalex.org/W2061344455","https://openalex.org/W1595229445","https://openalex.org/W2744235150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,237,261],"cyclist":[1],"is":[2,29,68,136,157,252],"a":[3,63,75,179,219,256,290],"vulnerable":[4,297],"road":[5,11,25,109,171,209,243,258,264,274,298],"user":[6],"whose":[7],"interaction":[8,162,233],"with":[9,31,49,234],"the":[10,36,46,58,71,94,132,208,215,235,280],"infrastructure":[12,166,239,286],"depends":[13,167],"on":[14,93,168],"several":[15],"factors,":[16],"including":[17],"variable":[18,135],"environmental":[19,38,176],"conditions":[20,177,192],"of":[21,57,77,97,104,129,131,161,182,187,217],"lighting":[22,169],"and":[23,62,83,99,122,141,147,165,170,199,207,246,284],"meteorological":[24,173],"surface.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"concerned":[30],"nanoscopic":[32,108,268],"crash":[33],"modelling":[34,269],"under":[35],"riskiest":[37,190],"conditions.":[39,174],"There":[40],"are":[41,88,112,193],"very":[42],"few":[43],"works":[44],"in":[45,102,214,249,263],"literature":[47],"dealing":[48],"such":[50],"modelling.":[51],"An":[52],"intelligent":[53],"methodological":[54],"framework":[55],"consisting":[56],"data":[59],"collection":[60],"unit":[61,66],"knowledge":[64,72],"processing":[65,73],"(KPU)":[67],"proposed.":[69],"In":[70],"unit,":[74],"combination":[76],"a)":[78,118],"Statistical,":[79],"b)":[80,120],"Data":[81],"learning":[82,140],"c)":[84,123],"Casual":[85],"inference":[86],"methods":[87],"applied":[89],"for":[90],"investigating":[91],"crashes":[92],"study":[95,278],"area":[96],"Tyne":[98],"Wear":[100],"county":[101],"North-East":[103],"England.":[105],"Three":[106],"predictive":[107],"safety":[110,259,265],"models":[111],"constructed":[113],"(with":[114],"86%":[115],"accuracy)":[116],"using":[117],"Spatial,":[119],"Personal,":[121],"Infrastructure":[124],"input":[125,134],"variables.":[126],"The":[127,189,212,277],"importance":[128],"each":[130],"identified":[133],"estimated":[137],"by":[138,196],"deep":[139],"statistically":[142],"validated":[143],"through":[144],"chi-square":[145],"test":[146],"Cramer\u2019s":[148],"<inline-formula":[149],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[150],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[151],"<tex-math":[152],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$V$":[153],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[154],"statistic.":[155],"It":[156],"found":[158,253],"that":[159],"unsafeness":[160],"between":[163],"rider":[164,220],"surface":[172],"Different":[175],"present":[178],"varying":[180],"degree":[181],"risk":[183],"to":[184,254,282,287],"different":[185],"types":[186],"infrastructure.":[188,236],"environment":[191],"significantly":[194],"affected":[195],"rider\u2019s":[197],"gender":[198],"age,":[200],"traffic":[201,275],"flow":[202],"regime,":[203],"specific":[204],"riding":[205,228],"manoeuvre,":[206],"hierarchy":[210,244],"difference.":[211],"increase":[213],"number":[216],"variables,":[218],"encounters":[221],"during":[222],"his":[223],"entire":[224],"trip,":[225],"imparts":[226],"risky":[227],"behaviour,":[229],"affecting":[230],"its":[231],"safe":[232],"novel":[238],"variable,":[240],"i.e.":[241],"\u2018functional":[242],"level":[245],"direction\u2019":[247],"introduced":[248],"this":[250,296],"work,":[251],"be":[255],"critical":[257],"variable.":[260],"shift":[262],"analysis":[266],"towards":[267,289],"can":[270],"help":[271],"achieve":[272],"zero-vision":[273],"fatality.":[276],"reinforces":[279],"need":[281],"plan":[283],"design":[285],"move":[288],"more":[291],"holistic":[292],"approach":[293],"while":[294],"considering":[295],"user\u2019s":[299],"limitations.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
