{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092574910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","title":"A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Rebalancing Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems","display_name":"A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Rebalancing Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092574910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","mag":"3092574910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02369","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079206887","display_name":"Aigerim Bogyrbayeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aigerim Bogyrbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027947431","display_name":"Sungwook Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-4966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungwook Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046576682","display_name":"Ankit Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-6392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012203130","display_name":"Young Jae Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2342-1444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Jae Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031497042","display_name":"Changhyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8455-6396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","[Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA (e-mail: chkwon@usf.edu)]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA (e-mail: chkwon@usf.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079206887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1855,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46560559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"8704","last_page":"8714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12392","display_name":"Sharing Economy and Platforms","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8666245937347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7024840116500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6708719730377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5035433173179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4592871367931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.44931289553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.35431569814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24818560481071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2097335159778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16382813453674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8666245937347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7024840116500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6708719730377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5035433173179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4592871367931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.44931289553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35431569814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24818560481071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2097335159778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16382813453674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3085217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.02369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02369","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3092574910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.02369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.02369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.02369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02369","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092574910.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092574910.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87952566","https://openalex.org/W206679605","https://openalex.org/W301716604","https://openalex.org/W796152522","https://openalex.org/W1971001667","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2173183968","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2726661904","https://openalex.org/W2747213132","https://openalex.org/W2756414492","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2790769276","https://openalex.org/W2803890045","https://openalex.org/W2894965215","https://openalex.org/W2901820396","https://openalex.org/W2904175241","https://openalex.org/W2938157874","https://openalex.org/W2951846985","https://openalex.org/W2952332632","https://openalex.org/W2962764167","https://openalex.org/W2962938168","https://openalex.org/W2962979969","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963407617","https://openalex.org/W2969732941","https://openalex.org/W2982210950","https://openalex.org/W2995508447","https://openalex.org/W3003686452","https://openalex.org/W3043239066","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3133175433","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6685265622","https://openalex.org/W6730742100","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6748487558","https://openalex.org/W6758687306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155672688","https://openalex.org/W2222357793","https://openalex.org/W2292657012","https://openalex.org/W3098617422","https://openalex.org/W2064526960","https://openalex.org/W2951475397","https://openalex.org/W2524721113","https://openalex.org/W2156973359","https://openalex.org/W3094214914","https://openalex.org/W3163599098","https://openalex.org/W2792766640","https://openalex.org/W3198153674","https://openalex.org/W2535468817","https://openalex.org/W2991495810","https://openalex.org/W2915314538","https://openalex.org/W3042024951","https://openalex.org/W2968301466","https://openalex.org/W3127752344","https://openalex.org/W2908955769","https://openalex.org/W2149617044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,24,44,84,93,101,108,168,175],"reinforcement":[4,85],"learning":[5,86],"approach":[6],"for":[7,88,112],"nightly":[8],"offline":[9],"rebalancing":[10,77],"operations":[11],"in":[12,23,79,91,135,174,178],"free-floating":[13],"electric":[14],"vehicle":[15],"sharing":[16],"systems":[17],"(FFEVSS).":[18],"Due":[19],"to":[20,33,52,68,74,182],"sparse":[21],"demand":[22],"network,":[25],"FFEVSS":[26],"requires":[27],"relocation":[28],"of":[29,46,64,100,103,146,161,171],"electrical":[30],"vehicles":[31],"(EVs)":[32],"charging":[34,159],"stations":[35],"and":[36,55,117,158],"demander":[37],"nodes,":[38],"which":[39,92],"is":[40,50,67],"typically":[41],"done":[42],"by":[43],"group":[45],"drivers.":[47],"A":[48],"shuttle":[49,71],"used":[51],"pick":[53],"up":[54],"drop":[56],"off":[57],"drivers":[58],"throughout":[59],"the":[60,70,76,89,97,119,132,136,138,143,147,153,164,179,184],"network.":[61,185],"The":[62],"objective":[63],"this":[65],"study":[66],"solve":[69],"routing":[72,98],"problem":[73,148],"finish":[75],"work":[78],"minimal":[80],"time.":[81],"We":[82,106],"consider":[83],"framework":[87],"problem,":[90],"central":[94],"controller":[95],"determines":[96],"policies":[99,166],"fleet":[102],"multiple":[104],"shuttles.":[105],"deploy":[107],"policy":[109,121],"gradient":[110],"method":[111],"training":[113],"recurrent":[114],"neural":[115],"networks":[116],"compare":[118],"obtained":[120],"results":[122],"with":[123,149],"heuristic":[124],"solutions.":[125],"Our":[126],"numerical":[127],"studies":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130],"unlike":[131],"existing":[133],"solutions":[134],"literature,":[137],"proposed":[139],"methods":[140],"allow":[141],"solving":[142],"general":[144],"version":[145],"no":[150],"restrictions":[151],"on":[152],"urban":[154],"EV":[155],"network":[156],"structure":[157],"requirements":[160],"EVs.":[162],"Moreover,":[163],"learned":[165],"offer":[167],"wide":[169],"range":[170],"flexibility,":[172],"resulting":[173],"significant":[176],"reduction":[177],"time":[180],"needed":[181],"rebalance":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2022-07-25T00:00:00"}