{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133890224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","title":"Towards a Context-Dependent Multi-Buffer Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm","display_name":"Towards a Context-Dependent Multi-Buffer Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133890224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","mag":"3133890224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182105","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033024496","display_name":"Christer Ahlstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-0303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161337","display_name":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04zmmpw58","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christer Ahlstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-0303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022376997","display_name":"George Georgoulas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-4203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Georgoulas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","DataWise Data Engineering LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DataWise Data Engineering LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072797110","display_name":"Katja Kircher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-9722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161337","display_name":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04zmmpw58","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Kircher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033024496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97749842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"4778","last_page":"4790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.8473312854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6234567761421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5967877507209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5680955052375793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5644515752792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distracted-driving","display_name":"Distracted driving","score":0.5034860968589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4633138179779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4362901449203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3500468134880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24027812480926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.8473312854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6234567761421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5967877507209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5680955052375793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5644515752792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283083","display_name":"Distracted driving","level":3,"score":0.5034860968589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4633138179779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4362901449203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3500468134880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24027812480926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3060168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-182105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:vti-15984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article in journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-182105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1031029745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"688900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8658080057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-05834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","funder_display_name":"VINNOVA"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53824560","https://openalex.org/W59145689","https://openalex.org/W116278252","https://openalex.org/W155723347","https://openalex.org/W601322659","https://openalex.org/W809891169","https://openalex.org/W1536775035","https://openalex.org/W1601496692","https://openalex.org/W1969162143","https://openalex.org/W1980250221","https://openalex.org/W1985657334","https://openalex.org/W1992356878","https://openalex.org/W1996628496","https://openalex.org/W2003540033","https://openalex.org/W2028203774","https://openalex.org/W2041919375","https://openalex.org/W2072344378","https://openalex.org/W2091019327","https://openalex.org/W2104754354","https://openalex.org/W2104924918","https://openalex.org/W2108489623","https://openalex.org/W2143318894","https://openalex.org/W2146794819","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2153791616","https://openalex.org/W2276630403","https://openalex.org/W2291799875","https://openalex.org/W2322566469","https://openalex.org/W2335605938","https://openalex.org/W2511247487","https://openalex.org/W2530791092","https://openalex.org/W2540183746","https://openalex.org/W2566076267","https://openalex.org/W2584499221","https://openalex.org/W2589813471","https://openalex.org/W2744582801","https://openalex.org/W2754136095","https://openalex.org/W2783719297","https://openalex.org/W2792919579","https://openalex.org/W2801786760","https://openalex.org/W2885876042","https://openalex.org/W2891841158","https://openalex.org/W2913075202","https://openalex.org/W2944674415","https://openalex.org/W2953565132","https://openalex.org/W2963451777","https://openalex.org/W2968066242","https://openalex.org/W2984736591","https://openalex.org/W2997114947","https://openalex.org/W2997176276","https://openalex.org/W3011218729","https://openalex.org/W3042975255","https://openalex.org/W4300894457","https://openalex.org/W6602271460","https://openalex.org/W6602374608","https://openalex.org/W6602606730","https://openalex.org/W6603014557","https://openalex.org/W6603232562","https://openalex.org/W6606357853","https://openalex.org/W6631125195","https://openalex.org/W6635733116","https://openalex.org/W6637098435","https://openalex.org/W6674512826","https://openalex.org/W6998543283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W626594146","https://openalex.org/W2051187670","https://openalex.org/W2946368029","https://openalex.org/W2891960815","https://openalex.org/W2169604921","https://openalex.org/W3134108314","https://openalex.org/W3014797439","https://openalex.org/W4394006065","https://openalex.org/W4205975769","https://openalex.org/W2891012803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"initial":[3],"work":[4,218],"on":[5],"a":[6,36,102,157,169],"context-dependent":[7],"driver":[8,50,59,80],"distraction":[9],"detection":[10],"algorithm":[11,19,34,152],"called":[12],"AttenD2.0,":[13],"which":[14,39],"extends":[15,86],"the":[16,23,31,49,54,58,62,70,75,79,106,111,121,127,131,134,145,149,210,221,232],"original":[17,32],"AttenD":[18,33],"with":[20,160,173],"elements":[21],"from":[22,53,231,237],"Minimum":[24],"Required":[25],"Attention":[26],"(MiRA)":[27],"theory.":[28],"Central":[29],"to":[30,129,147,181,205,223],"is":[35,64,81,154,166,215],"time":[37],"buffer":[38,63,71,76],"keeps":[40],"track":[41],"of":[42,110,123,202,212],"how":[43,47],"often":[44],"and":[45,66,97,108,133,197,209,236],"for":[46,163],"long":[48],"looks":[51,60],"away":[52,61],"forward":[55],"roadway.":[56],"When":[57],"depleted":[65],"when":[67],"looking":[68],"back":[69,189],"fills":[72],"up.":[73],"If":[74],"runs":[77],"empty":[78],"classified":[82],"as":[83,136,138],"distracted.":[84],"AttenD2.0":[85,178,203],"this":[87],"concept":[88,222],"by":[89,116,226],"adding":[90],"multiple":[91],"buffers,":[92],"thus":[93],"integrating":[94,228],"situation":[95],"dependence":[96],"visual":[98],"time-sharing":[99],"behaviour":[100],"in":[101,168],"transparent":[103],"manner.":[104],"Also,":[105],"increment":[107],"decrement":[109],"buffers":[112],"are":[113,185],"now":[114],"controlled":[115],"both":[117],"static":[118],"requirements":[119,140],"(e.g.":[120],"presence":[122],"an":[124,192],"on-ramp":[125],"increases":[126],"need":[128,146],"monitor":[130,148],"sides":[132],"mirrors)":[135],"well":[137],"dynamic":[139],"(e.g.,":[141],"reduced":[142],"speed":[143],"lowers":[144],"speedometer).":[150],"The":[151,200],"description":[153],"generic,":[155],"but":[156],"real-time":[158],"implementation":[159],"concrete":[161],"values":[162],"different":[164],"parameters":[165],"showcased":[167],"driving":[170],"simulator":[171],"experiment":[172],"16":[174],"bus":[175,194],"drivers,":[176],"where":[177],"was":[179],"used":[180],"ensure":[182],"that":[183],"drivers":[184],"attentive":[186],"before":[187],"taking":[188],"control":[190],"after":[191],"automated":[193],"stop":[195],"docking":[196],"depot":[198],"procedure.":[199],"scalability":[201],"relative":[204],"available":[206],"data":[207],"sources":[208],"level":[211],"vehicle":[213],"automation":[214],"demonstrated.":[216],"Future":[217],"includes":[219],"expanding":[220],"real-world":[224],"environments":[225],"automatically":[227],"situational":[229],"information":[230],"vehicles":[233],"environmental":[234],"sensing":[235],"digital":[238],"maps.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}