{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129621855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","title":"A Flexible Approach for Automatic License Plate Recognition in Unconstrained Scenarios","display_name":"A Flexible Approach for Automatic License Plate Recognition in Unconstrained Scenarios","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129621855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","mag":"3129621855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002018442","display_name":"Sergio M. Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127110123","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Londrina","ror":"https://ror.org/01585b035","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio M. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computation, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computation, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012781859","display_name":"Cl\u00e1udio R. Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4711-5783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Rosito Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4711-5783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97944914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"5693","last_page":"5703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.7353063821792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6250331401824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5838888883590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5706720352172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.569223940372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.539969801902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5233765840530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5201785564422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5082680583000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.49434852600097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.479081928730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4626650810241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41374316811561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39931514859199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38090378046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3356499969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.0733477771282196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.7353063821792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6250331401824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5838888883590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5706720352172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.569223940372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.539969801902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5233765840530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5201785564422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5082680583000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.49434852600097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.479081928730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4626650810241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41374316811561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39931514859199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38090378046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3356499969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0733477771282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2024121930","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279655419","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2575354312","https://openalex.org/W2754536314","https://openalex.org/W2765100849","https://openalex.org/W2765763274","https://openalex.org/W2767598133","https://openalex.org/W2783152060","https://openalex.org/W2785672431","https://openalex.org/W2788907956","https://openalex.org/W2895160027","https://openalex.org/W2897185734","https://openalex.org/W2940062532","https://openalex.org/W2962829835","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2971553110","https://openalex.org/W2989446488","https://openalex.org/W2991290813","https://openalex.org/W2991415804","https://openalex.org/W3009457572","https://openalex.org/W3101186801","https://openalex.org/W4214671568","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6695114890","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6767549153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2036021480","https://openalex.org/W3195777957","https://openalex.org/W2382668227","https://openalex.org/W2348482143","https://openalex.org/W2024584030","https://openalex.org/W3104168426","https://openalex.org/W1603675680","https://openalex.org/W2343406053","https://openalex.org/W2348931365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"License":[1],"Plate":[2],"Recognition":[3,124],"is":[4,85,139],"a":[5,28,35,54,96,107,146,166],"crucial":[6],"task":[7],"for":[8,161],"several":[9,162],"applications":[10],"related":[11],"to":[12,19,71,87,106],"Intelligent":[13],"Transportation":[14],"Systems,":[15],"from":[16],"access":[17],"control":[18],"traffic":[20],"monitoring.":[21],"Most":[22],"existing":[23],"approaches":[24],"are":[25],"focused":[26],"on":[27,59,128],"specific":[29],"setup":[30],"(e.g.,":[31,41],"toll":[32],"control)":[33],"or":[34],"single":[36],"license":[37],"plate":[38],"(LP)":[39],"region":[40],"European,":[42],"US,":[43],"Brazilian,":[44],"Taiwanese,":[45],"etc.),":[46],"which":[47],"limits":[48],"their":[49],"application.":[50],"This":[51],"work":[52],"proposes":[53],"complete":[55],"ALPR":[56,154],"system":[57],"focusing":[58],"unconstrained":[60],"capture":[61,169],"scenarios,":[62],"where":[63],"the":[64,89,115,136,152],"LP":[65,94],"might":[66],"be":[67,104],"considerably":[68],"distorted":[69],"due":[70],"oblique":[72],"views.":[73],"We":[74],"present":[75],"an":[76,93],"Improved":[77],"Warped":[78],"Planar":[79],"Object":[80],"Detection":[81],"Network":[82],"(IWPOD-NET)":[83],"that":[84,101,135,164],"able":[86],"detect":[88],"four":[90],"corners":[91],"of":[92,98,168],"in":[95],"variety":[97,167],"conditions,":[99],"so":[100],"it":[102],"can":[103],"warped":[105],"fronto-parallel":[108],"view":[109],"and":[110,171],"alleviate":[111],"perspective-related":[112],"distortions.":[113],"Given":[114],"rectified":[116],"LP,":[117],"we":[118],"test":[119],"two":[120],"different":[121],"Optical":[122],"Character":[123],"(OCR)":[125],"methods":[126,144],"based":[127],"object":[129],"detection.":[130],"Our":[131],"experimental":[132],"results":[133,160],"show":[134],"proposed":[137],"detector":[138],"competitive":[140],"with":[141],"state-of-the-art":[142],"(SOTA)":[143],"using":[145],"very":[147],"limited":[148],"training":[149],"set.":[150],"Regarding":[151],"full":[153],"results,":[155],"our":[156],"method":[157],"achieves":[158],"top-scoring":[159],"datasets":[163],"include":[165],"conditions":[170],"vehicle":[172],"types":[173],"(in":[174],"particular,":[175],"motorcycles).":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}