{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128326875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","title":"HammerDrive: A Task-Aware Driving Visual Attention Model","display_name":"HammerDrive: A Task-Aware Driving Visual Attention Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128326875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","mag":"3128326875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036394054","display_name":"Pierluigi Vito Amadori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-2491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Vito Amadori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-2491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071424922","display_name":"Tobias Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-017X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018921347","display_name":"Yiannis Demiris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-3343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiannis Demiris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-3343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Personal Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85826847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"5573","last_page":"5585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7311172485351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5735417008399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5562291145324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5414422154426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5003423690795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4981834888458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.4686878025531769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.44109034538269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.43938133120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.42748984694480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.4224509000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38401639461517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13246473670005798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7311172485351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5735417008399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5562291145324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5414422154426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5003423690795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4981834888458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4686878025531769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.44109034538269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.43938133120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.42748984694480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.4224509000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38401639461517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13246473670005798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3055120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:209066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"Contribution to Journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/87021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/87021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"5585","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1391493780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P008461/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4488118706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P009204/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5040319655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P008461/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","funder_display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109919546","https://openalex.org/W638212880","https://openalex.org/W1499593893","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1592601589","https://openalex.org/W1789187189","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1978479866","https://openalex.org/W1985261475","https://openalex.org/W2012849708","https://openalex.org/W2019177772","https://openalex.org/W2030031014","https://openalex.org/W2047030012","https://openalex.org/W2059720101","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2070441351","https://openalex.org/W2077012593","https://openalex.org/W2118045339","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2136518234","https://openalex.org/W2146404773","https://openalex.org/W2151226872","https://openalex.org/W2158534059","https://openalex.org/W2159893335","https://openalex.org/W2162489854","https://openalex.org/W2164084182","https://openalex.org/W2181621569","https://openalex.org/W2313180542","https://openalex.org/W2314032274","https://openalex.org/W2472782738","https://openalex.org/W2530791092","https://openalex.org/W2533853048","https://openalex.org/W2537623947","https://openalex.org/W2558906385","https://openalex.org/W2565104410","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2726300125","https://openalex.org/W2740110793","https://openalex.org/W2748241198","https://openalex.org/W2762126481","https://openalex.org/W2769707901","https://openalex.org/W2791392289","https://openalex.org/W2799077596","https://openalex.org/W2799224386","https://openalex.org/W2802205534","https://openalex.org/W2809349370","https://openalex.org/W2810023402","https://openalex.org/W2884775172","https://openalex.org/W2887806157","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2922458387","https://openalex.org/W2934625602","https://openalex.org/W2947918549","https://openalex.org/W2953265847","https://openalex.org/W2955060956","https://openalex.org/W2962867954","https://openalex.org/W2963513865","https://openalex.org/W2964344294","https://openalex.org/W2968066242","https://openalex.org/W2969316698","https://openalex.org/W3003987610","https://openalex.org/W3101840568","https://openalex.org/W6620700448","https://openalex.org/W6638273328","https://openalex.org/W6698589804","https://openalex.org/W6745935785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,45,112,138],"introduce":[1],"HammerDrive,":[2],"a":[3,60,72,87,132,176],"novel":[4],"architecture":[5,15,49],"for":[6,95,108,146,159,182,192,204],"task-aware":[7],"visual":[8,75,109,121,183,206],"attention":[9,28,76,110,122,184,207],"prediction":[10,185],"in":[11,32,131],"driving.":[12],"The":[13],"proposed":[14,48],"is":[16,153,202],"learnable":[17],"from":[18,42,127],"data":[19,41,124],"and":[20,38,65,98,149,156,196,198],"can":[21,56],"reliably":[22],"infer":[23,119],"the":[24,30,43,47,70,114,140],"current":[25],"focus":[26],"of":[27,29,62,91,102,116,142,163],"driver":[31,73,120,205],"real-time,":[33],"while":[34],"only":[35],"requiring":[36],"limited":[37],"easy-to-access":[39],"telemetry":[40],"vehicle.":[44],"build":[46],"on":[50,123,186],"two":[51,85],"core":[52],"concepts:":[53],"1)":[54],"driving":[55,135,164],"be":[57],"modeled":[58],"as":[59],"collection":[61],"sub-tasks":[63],"(maneuvers),":[64],"2)":[66],"each":[67],"sub-task":[68,96,147],"affects":[69],"way":[71],"allocates":[74],"resources,":[77],"i.e.,":[78],"their":[79],"eye":[80],"gaze":[81],"fixation.":[82],"HammerDrive":[83,117,174],"comprises":[84],"networks:":[86],"hierarchical":[88],"monitoring":[89,144],"network":[90,101,106,145,158],"forward-inverse":[92],"model":[93,181],"pairs":[94],"recognition":[97,148],"an":[99,154],"ensemble":[100],"task-dependent":[103],"convolutional":[104],"neural":[105],"modules":[107],"modeling.":[111],"assess":[113],"ability":[115],"to":[118],"we":[125],"collected":[126],"20":[128],"experienced":[129],"drivers":[130],"virtual":[133],"reality-based":[134],"simulator":[136],"experiment.":[137],"evaluate":[139],"accuracy":[141],"our":[143],"show":[150,172],"that":[151,173,200],"it":[152],"effective":[155],"light-weight":[157],"reliable":[160],"real-time":[161],"tracking":[162],"maneuvers":[165],"with":[166,189],"above":[167],"90%":[168],"accuracy.":[169],"Our":[170],"results":[171],"outperforms":[175],"comparable":[177],"state-of-the-art":[178],"deep":[179],"learning":[180],"numerous":[187],"metrics":[188],"~13%":[190],"improvement":[191],"both":[193],"Kullback-Leibler":[194],"divergence":[195],"similarity,":[197],"demonstrate":[199],"task-awareness":[201],"beneficial":[203],"prediction.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}