{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110512941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","title":"Comparative Safety Assessment of Automated Driving Strategies at Highway Merges in Mixed Traffic","display_name":"Comparative Safety Assessment of Automated Driving Strategies at Highway Merges in Mixed Traffic","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110512941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","mag":"3110512941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008069805","display_name":"Freddy Antony Mullakkal-Babu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-4981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Freddy Antony Mullakkal-Babu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-4981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693187","display_name":"Meng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6555-5558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6555-5558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030507508","display_name":"Bart van Arem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-7794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart van Arem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-7794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002136525","display_name":"Riender Happee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riender Happee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Robotics, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Material Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Robotics, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Material Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008069805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79353234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"3626","last_page":"3639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.6645490527153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6036279201507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5756406784057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.5041531324386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4465060234069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.441441148519516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43391096591949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4323377013206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.42712530493736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-safety","display_name":"Active safety","score":0.41793346405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41291388869285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.18634262681007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11216089129447937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.6645490527153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6036279201507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5756406784057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.5041531324386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4465060234069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.441441148519516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43391096591949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4323377013206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42712530493736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127757376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2056514","display_name":"Active safety","level":2,"score":0.41793346405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41291388869285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.18634262681007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11216089129447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3038866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:tud:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(4)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:tud:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e35012b8-4514-46b0-969a-7d15b485916d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(4)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110512941.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W369713157","https://openalex.org/W629029206","https://openalex.org/W638326111","https://openalex.org/W1027473064","https://openalex.org/W1550809984","https://openalex.org/W1965455100","https://openalex.org/W1966327551","https://openalex.org/W1987691797","https://openalex.org/W2030344739","https://openalex.org/W2042404299","https://openalex.org/W2043164186","https://openalex.org/W2043236587","https://openalex.org/W2056877664","https://openalex.org/W2058180615","https://openalex.org/W2101255815","https://openalex.org/W2103880099","https://openalex.org/W2108250040","https://openalex.org/W2138997468","https://openalex.org/W2144388787","https://openalex.org/W2151274404","https://openalex.org/W2154729675","https://openalex.org/W2157756835","https://openalex.org/W2199000878","https://openalex.org/W2205399777","https://openalex.org/W2294314598","https://openalex.org/W2344985987","https://openalex.org/W2438413413","https://openalex.org/W2554599086","https://openalex.org/W2564973635","https://openalex.org/W2573790557","https://openalex.org/W2581932745","https://openalex.org/W2613866771","https://openalex.org/W2741850495","https://openalex.org/W2767810671","https://openalex.org/W2790897797","https://openalex.org/W2796471575","https://openalex.org/W2896856707","https://openalex.org/W2897432174","https://openalex.org/W2907176255","https://openalex.org/W2911778303","https://openalex.org/W2921028439","https://openalex.org/W2924860851","https://openalex.org/W2926668486","https://openalex.org/W2943048036","https://openalex.org/W2970006163","https://openalex.org/W3023333822","https://openalex.org/W3046712144","https://openalex.org/W3148630634","https://openalex.org/W6617697566","https://openalex.org/W6620183896","https://openalex.org/W6620684549","https://openalex.org/W6633102373","https://openalex.org/W6685493317","https://openalex.org/W6757812044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972718341","https://openalex.org/W2071229081","https://openalex.org/W2135159810","https://openalex.org/W192121971","https://openalex.org/W796110475","https://openalex.org/W2962494228","https://openalex.org/W2166269968","https://openalex.org/W4233249257","https://openalex.org/W2911622816","https://openalex.org/W3090334073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,62,81],"present":[1],"a":[2,36,83,113,196],"simulation-based":[3,227],"approach":[4],"to":[5,34,111,142,230],"assess":[6],"the":[7,43,47,56,59,68,90,99,128,133,148,152,156,181,187,192,204,210,216,224,232],"safety":[8,70,166,228,233],"impacts":[9,234],"of":[10,32,58,74,115,119,158,168,189,201,226,235,242],"vehicles":[11,77],"equipped":[12],"with":[13,21,94,213],"Automated":[14],"Driving":[15],"Systems":[16],"(ADS)":[17],"in":[18,136,186,199],"mixed":[19],"traffic":[20,69,85],"Human-driven":[22],"Vehicles":[23],"(HV).":[24],"Specifically,":[25],"we":[26,125],"compare":[27],"two":[28,153,182],"generic":[29],"longitudinal":[30],"strategies":[31],"ADS":[33,39,53,130,135,170,183,215],"handle":[35],"cut-in:":[37],"Reactive":[38,202],"acting":[40,54],"only":[41],"when":[42],"cut-in":[44,60,72],"vehicle":[45,100,197],"crosses":[46],"target":[48],"lane":[49,91,160,193],"boundary,":[50],"and":[51,102,147,155],"Predictive":[52,214],"at":[55,78,173,238],"onset":[57],"manoeuvre.":[61],"identify":[63],"their":[64],"distinctive":[65],"effects":[66],"on":[67],"under":[71],"maneuvers":[73],"adjacent":[75],"human-driven":[76],"highway":[79],"merges.":[80],"employ":[82],"microscopic":[84],"flow":[86],"simulator":[87],"that":[88,127],"describes":[89],"changing":[92],"process":[93],"high":[95],"detail,":[96],"accounting":[97],"for":[98],"interaction":[101],"consequent":[103],"trajectory":[104],"updates.":[105],"These":[106],"high-resolution":[107],"trajectories":[108],"are":[109],"post-processed":[110],"estimate":[112],"set":[114],"relevant":[116],"surrogate":[117],"measures":[118],"safety.":[120],"By":[121],"analyzing":[122],"these":[123],"measures,":[124],"find":[126],"predictive":[129],"significantly":[131],"outperforms":[132],"reactive":[134,169],"aspects":[137],"such":[138],"as":[139],"temporal":[140],"proximity":[141],"crash,":[143],"expected":[144],"crash":[145],"severity":[146],"driving":[149],"risk":[150,190,205,217],"(combining":[151],"aspects),":[154],"number":[157],"aborted":[159],"changes":[161],"by":[162],"HV.":[163],"The":[164,177],"negative":[165],"impact":[167],"becomes":[171],"prominent":[172],"penetration":[174],"rate":[175],">10%.":[176],"major":[178],"difference":[179],"between":[180],"approaches":[184],"appears":[185],"dynamics":[188],"during":[191],"changing.":[194],"When":[195],"cuts":[198],"ahead":[200],"ADS,":[203],"peaks":[206],"approximately":[207],"halfway":[208],"through":[209],"maneuver;":[211],"whereas":[212],"remains":[218],"marginal":[219],"throughout.":[220],"This":[221],"work":[222],"demonstrates":[223],"potential":[225],"assessment":[229],"differentiate":[231],"automation":[236],"functionalities":[237],"an":[239],"early":[240],"stage":[241],"product":[243],"development.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
