{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946246368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","title":"Spatial Positioning Token (SPToken) for Smart Mobility","display_name":"Spatial Positioning Token (SPToken) for Smart Mobility","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946246368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","mag":"2946246368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07681","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008042301","display_name":"Roman Overko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-5675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Overko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Materials Science Centre, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-5675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Materials Science Centre, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058500031","display_name":"Rodrigo Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Hurtado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-8482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145784","display_name":"IBM Research - Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/04jnxr720","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Ordonez-Hurtado","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Dublin 15, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-8482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Dublin 15, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042402060","display_name":"Sergiy Zhuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-8909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145784","display_name":"IBM Research - Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/04jnxr720","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergiy Zhuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Dublin 15, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-8909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Dublin 15, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079397064","display_name":"Pietro Ferraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-3880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800778610","display_name":"Kensington College of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/02bd3qj97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ferraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032051586","display_name":"Andrew Cullen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800778610","display_name":"Kensington College of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/02bd3qj97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Cullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036373073","display_name":"Robert Shorten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800778610","display_name":"Kensington College of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/02bd3qj97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shorten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London at South Kensington, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I2800778610"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3591,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85604737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"1529","last_page":"1542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7902653813362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6847150325775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6479433178901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5495027303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5258393883705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4291134774684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37798184156417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35301142930984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3489573001861572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7902653813362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6847150325775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6479433178901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5495027303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5258393883705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4291134774684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37798184156417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35301142930984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3489573001861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3029537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.07681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07681","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/84913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/84913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1542","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.07681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07681","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6445168105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16/IA/4610","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946246368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946246368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1509991338","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1572161815","https://openalex.org/W1976843608","https://openalex.org/W1981612131","https://openalex.org/W1983057780","https://openalex.org/W2068181924","https://openalex.org/W2088595989","https://openalex.org/W2096812949","https://openalex.org/W2116354394","https://openalex.org/W2117743443","https://openalex.org/W2122124659","https://openalex.org/W2126236329","https://openalex.org/W2132276257","https://openalex.org/W2135247979","https://openalex.org/W2145457662","https://openalex.org/W2155856926","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2294082364","https://openalex.org/W2294845706","https://openalex.org/W2436711315","https://openalex.org/W2462689321","https://openalex.org/W2480177474","https://openalex.org/W2525908418","https://openalex.org/W2527800909","https://openalex.org/W2552627818","https://openalex.org/W2566758857","https://openalex.org/W2569271578","https://openalex.org/W2582377923","https://openalex.org/W2583813242","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2624953603","https://openalex.org/W2725107463","https://openalex.org/W2730380569","https://openalex.org/W2741731586","https://openalex.org/W2750990725","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2765928069","https://openalex.org/W2766942789","https://openalex.org/W2768361919","https://openalex.org/W2785409760","https://openalex.org/W2793423901","https://openalex.org/W2795942711","https://openalex.org/W2801673812","https://openalex.org/W2807760453","https://openalex.org/W2807979099","https://openalex.org/W2898108725","https://openalex.org/W2901712207","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W2907953482","https://openalex.org/W2913096649","https://openalex.org/W2913553952","https://openalex.org/W2963049774","https://openalex.org/W2963338863","https://openalex.org/W2963582321","https://openalex.org/W3003029874","https://openalex.org/W3007902803","https://openalex.org/W3012104945","https://openalex.org/W3157083867","https://openalex.org/W4235682978","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4255815195","https://openalex.org/W4256154737","https://openalex.org/W4297732320","https://openalex.org/W4299805495","https://openalex.org/W6678276431","https://openalex.org/W6697368666","https://openalex.org/W6718359804","https://openalex.org/W6729807388","https://openalex.org/W6734330393","https://openalex.org/W6743617358","https://openalex.org/W6746554579","https://openalex.org/W6752725515","https://openalex.org/W6756995549","https://openalex.org/W6758223966","https://openalex.org/W6758296254","https://openalex.org/W7033776453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W4387768015","https://openalex.org/W4285141722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,19,95,119,122,135,175,182,220],"permissioned":[3],"distributed":[4,66],"ledger":[5],"technology":[6],"(DLT)":[7],"design":[8,217],"for":[9,65],"crowdsourced":[10],"smart":[11],"mobility":[12],"applications.":[13],"This":[14],"architecture":[15,23,61,124,222],"is":[16,62,71,98,203,223],"based":[17],"on":[18,174],"directed":[20],"acyclic":[21],"graph":[22],"(similar":[24],"to":[25,36,47,50,57,90,145,159,165,185,187,233],"the":[26,60,128,131,160,167,189,193,198,207,211,235],"IOTA":[27],"tangle)":[28],"and":[29,33,42,56,73,125,225],"uses":[30],"both":[31],"Proof-of-Work":[32],"Proof-of-Position":[34],"mechanisms":[35],"provide":[37],"protection":[38],"against":[39],"spam":[40],"attacks":[41],"malevolent":[43],"actors.":[44],"In":[45,105],"addition":[46],"enabling":[48],"individuals":[49],"retain":[51],"ownership":[52],"of":[53,133,137,142,149,170,200,210,213,218],"their":[54],"data":[55],"monetize":[58],"it,":[59],"also":[63],"suitable":[64],"privacy-preserving":[67],"machine":[68],"learning":[69,92],"algorithms,":[70],"lightweight,":[72],"can":[74],"be":[75,109],"implemented":[76],"in":[77,100,111,118],"simple":[78],"internet-of-things":[79],"(IoT)":[80],"devices.":[81],"To":[82],"demonstrate":[83],"its":[84],"efficacy,":[85],"we":[86],"apply":[87],"this":[88],"framework":[89],"reinforcement":[91],"settings":[93],"where":[94],"third":[96],"party":[97],"interested":[99,110],"acquiring":[101],"information":[102],"from":[103,181,228],"agents.":[104],"particular,":[106],"one":[107],"may":[108],"sampling":[112],"an":[113],"unknown":[114],"vehicular":[115],"traffic":[116],"flow":[117],"city,":[120],"using":[121],"DLT-type":[123],"without":[126],"perturbing":[127],"density,":[129],"with":[130],"idea":[132],"realizing":[134],"set":[136],"virtual":[138],"tokens":[139],"as":[140],"surrogates":[141],"real":[143],"vehicles":[144,173,202],"explore":[146],"geographical":[147],"areas":[148],"interest.":[150],"These":[151],"tokens,":[152],"whose":[153],"authenticated":[154],"position":[155],"determines":[156],"write":[157],"access":[158],"ledger,":[161],"are":[162,231],"thus":[163],"used":[164],"emulate":[166],"probing":[168],"actions":[169],"commanded":[171],"(real)":[172],"given":[176],"planned":[177,190],"route":[178],"by":[179,206],"\u201cjumping\u201d":[180],"passing-by":[183],"vehicle":[184],"another":[186],"complete":[188],"trajectory.":[191],"Consequently,":[192],"environment":[194],"stays":[195],"unaffected":[196],"(i.e.,":[197],"autonomy":[199],"participating":[201],"not":[204],"influenced":[205],"algorithm),":[208],"regardless":[209],"number":[212],"emitted":[214],"tokens.":[215],"The":[216],"such":[219],"DLT":[221],"presented,":[224],"numerical":[226],"results":[227],"large-scale":[229],"simulations":[230],"provided":[232],"validate":[234],"proposed":[236],"approach.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
