{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3075234101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","title":"A Review on Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving the Traffic Signal Control Problem","display_name":"A Review on Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving the Traffic Signal Control Problem","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3075234101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","mag":"3075234101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020024457","display_name":"Palwasha W. Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-5758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Palwasha W. Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-5758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035411817","display_name":"Mohammed El-Abd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75535952","display_name":"American University of Kuwait","ror":"https://ror.org/00w73cg32","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed El-Abd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait","[Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat 13034, Kuwait (e-mail: melabd@auk.edu.kw)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-8542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat 13034, Kuwait (e-mail: melabd@auk.edu.kw)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046315641","display_name":"Mounib Khanafer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-4566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75535952","display_name":"American University of Kuwait","ror":"https://ror.org/00w73cg32","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounib Khanafer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait","[Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat 13034, Kuwait.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Engineering, American University of Kuwait, Safat 13034, Kuwait.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082236615","display_name":"Kaizhou Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-6928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaizhou Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Laboratory for Intelligent Science and Systems, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China","Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-6928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Laboratory for Intelligent Science and Systems, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":176,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98410086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"48","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-intelligence","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","score":0.695368766784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.5935947895050049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5579822063446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5350725650787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.4716550409793854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4713936150074005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46933120489120483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-optimization","display_name":"Traffic optimization","score":0.4536828100681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.44250428676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.41620516777038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41025134921073914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3820333778858185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32717370986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32072344422340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29487308859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.17340025305747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-car-data","display_name":"Floating car data","score":0.162044495344162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.695368766784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5935947895050049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5579822063446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5350725650787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.4716550409793854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4713936150074005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46933120489120483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86266404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832512","display_name":"Traffic optimization","level":4,"score":0.4536828100681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.44250428676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.41620516777038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41025134921073914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3820333778858185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32717370986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32072344422340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29487308859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.17340025305747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64093975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356677","display_name":"Floating car data","level":3,"score":0.162044495344162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3014296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130580273","https://openalex.org/W1108259836","https://openalex.org/W1483458880","https://openalex.org/W1492640216","https://openalex.org/W1509246600","https://openalex.org/W1512383952","https://openalex.org/W1549969567","https://openalex.org/W1595704756","https://openalex.org/W1698059316","https://openalex.org/W1968037171","https://openalex.org/W1973093657","https://openalex.org/W1974745815","https://openalex.org/W1975405368","https://openalex.org/W1976744965","https://openalex.org/W1983476762","https://openalex.org/W1983651380","https://openalex.org/W1985334587","https://openalex.org/W1986459634","https://openalex.org/W1989167856","https://openalex.org/W1994569097","https://openalex.org/W2001769813","https://openalex.org/W2002162915","https://openalex.org/W2004617458","https://openalex.org/W2005584960","https://openalex.org/W2010441166","https://openalex.org/W2011804935","https://openalex.org/W2022908515","https://openalex.org/W2027173676","https://openalex.org/W2029685416","https://openalex.org/W2032777645","https://openalex.org/W2034265047","https://openalex.org/W2037141248","https://openalex.org/W2047381474","https://openalex.org/W2050106429","https://openalex.org/W2051869071","https://openalex.org/W2056300231","https://openalex.org/W2057707453","https://openalex.org/W2061675071","https://openalex.org/W2068168540","https://openalex.org/W2068373875","https://openalex.org/W2080332153","https://openalex.org/W2087124510","https://openalex.org/W2092925552","https://openalex.org/W2093921901","https://openalex.org/W2096673585","https://openalex.org/W2104201818","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2141554657","https://openalex.org/W2145143778","https://openalex.org/W2146087064","https://openalex.org/W2149012699","https://openalex.org/W2150295936","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2157485768","https://openalex.org/W2164732484","https://openalex.org/W2170631832","https://openalex.org/W2172137325","https://openalex.org/W2241631781","https://openalex.org/W2246625900","https://openalex.org/W2287814884","https://openalex.org/W2316060222","https://openalex.org/W2342949225","https://openalex.org/W2391037491","https://openalex.org/W2480177474","https://openalex.org/W2498688231","https://openalex.org/W2510096522","https://openalex.org/W2511231963","https://openalex.org/W2516923985","https://openalex.org/W2537957565","https://openalex.org/W2565519527","https://openalex.org/W2566128861","https://openalex.org/W2573212983","https://openalex.org/W2590500707","https://openalex.org/W2602823752","https://openalex.org/W2613147658","https://openalex.org/W2615043807","https://openalex.org/W2619579353","https://openalex.org/W2635062486","https://openalex.org/W2725582697","https://openalex.org/W2767037794","https://openalex.org/W2777482433","https://openalex.org/W2779329725","https://openalex.org/W2783272115","https://openalex.org/W2793447484","https://openalex.org/W2801026075","https://openalex.org/W2811198925","https://openalex.org/W2890190333","https://openalex.org/W2892336140","https://openalex.org/W2892369032","https://openalex.org/W2894419220","https://openalex.org/W2896199785","https://openalex.org/W2900019936","https://openalex.org/W2900910710","https://openalex.org/W2909528234","https://openalex.org/W2914074253","https://openalex.org/W2917710824","https://openalex.org/W2928909958","https://openalex.org/W2936501841","https://openalex.org/W2937955231","https://openalex.org/W2948307425","https://openalex.org/W2963103847","https://openalex.org/W2980466345","https://openalex.org/W2983641601","https://openalex.org/W2991995523","https://openalex.org/W2994774399","https://openalex.org/W2995741036","https://openalex.org/W3009611737","https://openalex.org/W3010385219","https://openalex.org/W3023917962","https://openalex.org/W4243620693","https://openalex.org/W6605295860","https://openalex.org/W6618298129","https://openalex.org/W6629565041","https://openalex.org/W6629566668","https://openalex.org/W6630332285","https://openalex.org/W6632837212","https://openalex.org/W6681027470","https://openalex.org/W6696126189","https://openalex.org/W6702989015","https://openalex.org/W6761871375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308079021","https://openalex.org/W1527337688","https://openalex.org/W2026486063","https://openalex.org/W2048054807","https://openalex.org/W2746377055","https://openalex.org/W4386001959","https://openalex.org/W2594296178","https://openalex.org/W4304182880","https://openalex.org/W2075613641","https://openalex.org/W3089846858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,174],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,19,37,46,57,111,114,148,164],"urban":[4],"cities":[5],"coupled":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,22,25,33,64,81,93,121,130,162,181,192],"rise":[9],"in":[10,120,129],"population":[11],"has":[12],"led":[13],"to":[14,27,32,86,125,154],"an":[15,77],"exponentially":[16],"growing":[17],"number":[18],"vehicles":[20],"on":[21,63,146,161,177],"roads":[23],"for":[24,73,80],"latter":[26],"commute.":[28],"This":[29,139],"is":[30,61,158,195],"adding":[31],"already":[34],"overbearing":[35],"problem":[36,169],"traffic":[38,67,88,135],"congestion.":[39],"Short":[40],"term,":[41],"costly":[42],"and":[43,103,150,171,189],"short-sighted":[44],"solutions":[45],"road":[47,58],"infrastructure":[48],"expansions":[49],"are":[50,107],"no":[51],"longer":[52],"suitable.":[53],"One":[54],"effective":[55],"method":[56],"resource":[59],"allocation":[60],"focusing":[62],"widely":[65],"used":[66,119],"signal":[68,136],"controllers\u2019":[69],"timing":[70],"schedules.":[71],"Searching":[72],"a":[74,109,142],"suitable":[75],"or":[76,96],"optimal":[78],"schedule":[79],"prior":[82],"via":[83],"brute":[84],"force":[85],"ease":[87],"congestion":[89],"might":[90],"not":[91],"be":[92],"most":[94],"elegant":[95],"feasible":[97],"solution.":[98],"Nature-inspired":[99],"algorithms":[100,106,116,153],"including":[101,134],"evolutionary":[102,149],"swarm":[104,151],"intelligence":[105,152],"gaining":[108],"lot":[110],"momentum.":[112],"Many":[113],"these":[115],"have":[117],"been":[118],"last":[122],"two":[123],"decades":[124],"address":[126],"different":[127],"applications":[128,147],"smart":[131],"city":[132],"era":[133],"control":[137],"(TSC).":[138],"paper":[140],"conducts":[141],"comprehensive":[143],"literature":[144],"review":[145],"TSC.":[155],"Surveyed":[156],"work":[157],"categorized":[159],"based":[160,176],"set":[163],"decision":[165],"variables,":[166],"optimization":[167],"objective(s),":[168],"modeling":[170],"solution":[172],"encoding.":[173],"paper,":[175],"gaps":[178],"identified":[179],"by":[180],"conducted":[182],"review,":[183],"identifies":[184],"promising":[185],"future":[186,193],"research":[187,194],"directions":[188],"discusses":[190],"where":[191],"headed.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}