{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038916694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","title":"A Vision-Based Pipeline for Vehicle Counting, Speed Estimation, and Classification","display_name":"A Vision-Based Pipeline for Vehicle Counting, Speed Estimation, and Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038916694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","mag":"3038916694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052706366","display_name":"Chenghuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-6263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (e-mail: chenghuan.liu@research.uwa.edu.au)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-6263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (e-mail: chenghuan.liu@research.uwa.edu.au)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087072096","display_name":"Du Q. Huynh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Du Q. Huynh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055416949","display_name":"Yuchao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-3932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-3932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036930915","display_name":"Mark Reynolds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-0544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-0544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087468837","display_name":"Steve Atkinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799354074","display_name":"Main Roads Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01b98w967","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799354074","https://openalex.org/I2799506148"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Strategy and Communications, Main Roads Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Strategy and Communications, Main Roads Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Strategy and Communications, Main Roads Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799354074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Strategy and Communications, Main Roads Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799354074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1372,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95058147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"7547","last_page":"7560"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6809737086296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6666266918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6458079814910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6263973712921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular-vision","display_name":"Monocular vision","score":0.5784881711006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.45865604281425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.44695979356765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3247406482696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.20444872975349426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6809737086296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6666266918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6458079814910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6263973712921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158829959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640606","display_name":"Monocular vision","level":2,"score":0.5784881711006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.45865604281425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.44695979356765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3247406482696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.20444872975349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.3004066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/686a65b4-2ada-4739-a990-027ac07f75c4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/686a65b4-2ada-4739-a990-027ac07f75c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Liu , C , Huynh , D , Sun , C , Reynolds , M &amp; Atkinson , S 2021 , ' A Vision-Based Pipeline for Vehicle Counting, Speed Estimation, and Classification ' , IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , vol. 22 , no. 12 , pp. 7547-7560 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3004066","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56385144","https://openalex.org/W139443163","https://openalex.org/W612955598","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1570110980","https://openalex.org/W1612060419","https://openalex.org/W1655311667","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2082474358","https://openalex.org/W2083027233","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120079785","https://openalex.org/W2122469558","https://openalex.org/W2128073159","https://openalex.org/W2135430316","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2158604775","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167090521","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2202499615","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2256837533","https://openalex.org/W2261707941","https://openalex.org/W2336416123","https://openalex.org/W2364981588","https://openalex.org/W2468912036","https://openalex.org/W2512899907","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2571050459","https://openalex.org/W2579318141","https://openalex.org/W2604970008","https://openalex.org/W2739844272","https://openalex.org/W2750413591","https://openalex.org/W2765268259","https://openalex.org/W2771283653","https://openalex.org/W2788097838","https://openalex.org/W2795812085","https://openalex.org/W2808910047","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3104218139","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6634257930","https://openalex.org/W6636958293","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684945483","https://openalex.org/W6707652180","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6741521766","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3037187668","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4234772502","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996","https://openalex.org/W4367853371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cameras":[0],"have":[1,154],"been":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,14,129],"traffic":[6,66,165,202],"operations.":[7],"While":[8],"many":[9,32],"technologically":[10],"smart":[11],"camera":[12,42],"solutions":[13],"the":[15,99,107,116,170,173,184],"market":[16],"can":[17,187],"be":[18],"integrated":[19],"into":[20],"Intelligent":[21],"Transport":[22],"Systems":[23],"(ITS)":[24],"for":[25,193,200],"automated":[26],"detection,":[27],"monitoring":[28],"and":[29,85,91,123,127,168,196],"data":[30,67,174],"generation,":[31],"Network":[33],"Operations":[34],"(a.k.a":[35],"Traffic":[36],"Control)":[37],"Centres":[38],"still":[39],"use":[40,54],"legacy":[41,72],"systems":[43],"as":[44],"manual":[45],"surveillance":[46],"devices.":[47],"In":[48,74],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,79,101],"demonstrate":[52,102],"effective":[53],"of":[55,106,118],"these":[56],"older":[57],"assets":[58],"by":[59,71,121,176],"applying":[60],"computer":[61],"vision":[62,114],"techniques":[63],"to":[64,87,150],"extract":[65],"from":[68,93],"videos":[69,158,195],"captured":[70,159],"cameras.":[73],"our":[75,112],"proposed":[76,185],"vision-based":[77],"pipeline,":[78],"adopt":[80],"recent":[81],"state-of-the-art":[82],"object":[83],"detectors":[84],"transfer-learning":[86],"detect":[88],"vehicles,":[89],"pedestrians,":[90],"cyclists":[92],"monocular":[94,113],"videos.":[95],"By":[96],"weakly":[97],"calibrating":[98],"camera,":[100],"a":[103,136,140],"novel":[104],"application":[105],"image-to-world":[108],"homography":[109],"which":[110,138],"gives":[111],"system":[115],"efficacy":[117],"counting":[119],"vehicles":[120],"lane":[122],"estimating":[124],"vehicle":[125],"length":[126],"speed":[128],"real-world":[130],"units.":[131],"Our":[132,179],"pipeline":[133,186],"also":[134],"includes":[135],"module":[137],"combines":[139],"convolutional":[141],"neural":[142],"network":[143],"(CNN)":[144],"classifier":[145],"with":[146,163,172],"projective":[147],"geometry":[148],"information":[149],"classify":[151],"vehicles.":[152],"We":[153],"tested":[155],"it":[156],"on":[157],"at":[160],"several":[161],"sites":[162],"different":[164],"flow":[166],"conditions":[167],"compared":[169],"results":[171,181],"collected":[175],"piezoelectric":[177],"sensors.":[178],"experimental":[180],"show":[182],"that":[183],"process":[188],"60":[189],"frames":[190],"per":[191],"second":[192],"pre-recorded":[194],"yield":[197],"high-quality":[198],"metadata":[199],"further":[201],"analysis.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
