{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002304552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","title":"An Efficient Industrial System for Vehicle Tyre (Tire) Detection and Text Recognition Using Deep Learning","display_name":"An Efficient Industrial System for Vehicle Tyre (Tire) Detection and Text Recognition Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002304552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","mag":"3002304552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/f998b240-85a7-444a-8ba1-920b7dc31e71","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073113179","display_name":"Wajahat Kazmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-6810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122252","display_name":"WheelRight (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02r34kc48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wajahat Kazmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108041406","display_name":"Ian Nabney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-2855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Nabney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Bristol University, Bristol, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Bristol University, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020722131","display_name":"George Vogiatzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3226-0603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Vogiatzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aston University, Birmingham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aston University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103867891","display_name":"Peter Rose","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122252","display_name":"WheelRight (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02r34kc48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Rose","raw_affiliation_strings":["WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080821968","display_name":"Alex Codd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122252","display_name":"WheelRight (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02r34kc48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Codd","raw_affiliation_strings":["WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WheelRight Ltd., Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073113179"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94074414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"1264","last_page":"1275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7429322004318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6780622005462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.607636570930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.575822114944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.559532880783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5372306108474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hough-transform","display_name":"Hough transform","score":0.5371760725975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4769517481327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46812430024147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.43433499336242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.42895111441612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40186867117881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1715593934059143}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7429322004318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6780622005462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.607636570930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.575822114944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.559532880783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5372306108474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200518788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195076","display_name":"Hough transform","level":3,"score":0.5371760725975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4769517481327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46812430024147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.43433499336242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.42895111441612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40186867117881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1715593934059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.2967316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/f998b240-85a7-444a-8ba1-920b7dc31e71","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/f998b240-85a7-444a-8ba1-920b7dc31e71","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kazmi, W, Nabney, I, Vogiatzis, G, Codd, P & Codd, A 2021, 'An Efficient Industrial System for Vehicle Tyre (Tire) Detection and Text Recognition Using Deep Learning', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1264 - 1275. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2967316","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:41147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/view/author/cb30ae3617b9f05c0c1f95ceeeaff0db.html>,","pdf_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/41147/1/08968735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/26484937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/An_efficient_industrial_system_for_vehicle_tyre_tire_detection_and_text_recognition_using_deep_learning/26484937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/f998b240-85a7-444a-8ba1-920b7dc31e71","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/f998b240-85a7-444a-8ba1-920b7dc31e71","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kazmi, W, Nabney, I, Vogiatzis, G, Codd, P & Codd, A 2021, 'An Efficient Industrial System for Vehicle Tyre (Tire) Detection and Text Recognition Using Deep Learning', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1264 - 1275. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2967316","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6908891699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KTP009834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","funder_display_name":"Innovate UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323026","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7746136","https://openalex.org/W70975097","https://openalex.org/W987239974","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W1922126009","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1998042868","https://openalex.org/W2012689760","https://openalex.org/W2049951199","https://openalex.org/W2066941820","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2194187530","https://openalex.org/W2294059674","https://openalex.org/W2343052201","https://openalex.org/W2526122044","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2953106684","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W2974158464","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6649973027","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6696761078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W1870444468","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W3109748140","https://openalex.org/W2045053268","https://openalex.org/W2433492094","https://openalex.org/W2767833206","https://openalex.org/W1556327589","https://openalex.org/W804729978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,96,125,153],"challenge":[4],"of":[5,14,21,78,108],"reading":[6],"low":[7],"contrast":[8],"text":[9,88],"on":[10],"tyre":[11,32,68],"sidewall":[12],"images":[13],"vehicles":[15,47],"in":[16],"motion.":[17],"It":[18],"presents":[19],"first":[20,55],"its":[22],"kind,":[23],"a":[24,58,91,113,121],"full":[25],"scale":[26],"industrial":[27],"system":[28],"which":[29],"can":[30],"read":[31],"codes":[33],"when":[34],"installed":[35],"along":[36],"driveways":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"at":[40],"gas":[41],"stations":[42],"or":[43],"parking":[44],"lots":[45],"with":[46,62],"driving":[48],"under":[49],"10":[50],"mph.":[51],"Tyre":[52],"circularity":[53],"is":[54,84,99,127],"detected":[56,67],"using":[57,120,136],"circular":[59],"Hough":[60],"transform":[61],"dynamic":[63],"radius":[64],"detection.":[65],"The":[66,115,141],"arches":[69],"are":[70,117,133,147],"then":[71,85,118],"unwarped":[72],"into":[73,112],"rectangular":[74],"patches.":[75],"A":[76],"cascade":[77],"convolutional":[79,103],"neural":[80],"network":[81],"(CNN)":[82],"classifiers":[83],"applied":[86],"for":[87,95,152],"recognition.":[89],"Firstly,":[90],"novel":[92],"proposal":[93],"generator":[94],"code":[97,126],"localization":[98],"introduced":[100],"by":[101],"integrating":[102],"layers":[104],"producing":[105],"HOG-like":[106],"(Histogram":[107],"Oriented":[109],"Gradients)":[110],"features":[111],"CNN.":[114],"proposals":[116],"filtered":[119],"deep":[122,139],"network.":[123],"After":[124],"localized,":[128],"character":[129],"detection":[130],"and":[131,145,149],"recognition":[132],"carried":[134],"out":[135],"two":[137],"separate":[138],"CNNs.":[140],"results":[142],"(accuracy,":[143],"repeatability":[144],"efficiency)":[146],"impressive":[148],"show":[150],"promise":[151],"intended":[154],"application.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
