{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968301466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","title":"DeepPool: Distributed Model-Free Algorithm for Ride-Sharing Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"DeepPool: Distributed Model-Free Algorithm for Ride-Sharing Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968301466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","mag":"2968301466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.03882","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040307252","display_name":"Abubakr O. Al-Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-2073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abubakr O. Al-Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022713299","display_name":"Arnob Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-7536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnob Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064822688","display_name":"Vaneet Aggarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaneet Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040307252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98841138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"4714","last_page":"4727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12392","display_name":"Sharing Economy and Platforms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6762239336967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6688588857650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.49583420157432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fleet-management","display_name":"Fleet management","score":0.44320523738861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4405534267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38718175888061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30805668234825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21560868620872498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11110994219779968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6762239336967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6688588857650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.49583420157432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777305159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430291","display_name":"Fleet management","level":2,"score":0.44320523738861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4405534267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38718175888061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30805668234825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21560868620872498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11110994219779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2931830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.03882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03882","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.03882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.03882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03882","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.03882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2618319484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1618335","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8579180273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1527486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26726511","https://openalex.org/W855132903","https://openalex.org/W1492821746","https://openalex.org/W1928337378","https://openalex.org/W1985986451","https://openalex.org/W1993912146","https://openalex.org/W1994917133","https://openalex.org/W2017893044","https://openalex.org/W2025766355","https://openalex.org/W2031128290","https://openalex.org/W2054910456","https://openalex.org/W2065195978","https://openalex.org/W2077963913","https://openalex.org/W2083923249","https://openalex.org/W2088522169","https://openalex.org/W2103253102","https://openalex.org/W2119673940","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2163599294","https://openalex.org/W2164674071","https://openalex.org/W2179264175","https://openalex.org/W2201581102","https://openalex.org/W2203385888","https://openalex.org/W2401468202","https://openalex.org/W2492937395","https://openalex.org/W2513610673","https://openalex.org/W2553557005","https://openalex.org/W2563704308","https://openalex.org/W2569460227","https://openalex.org/W2584174354","https://openalex.org/W2591420928","https://openalex.org/W2605113527","https://openalex.org/W2735479310","https://openalex.org/W2760815050","https://openalex.org/W2762670476","https://openalex.org/W2789143183","https://openalex.org/W2792987450","https://openalex.org/W2793814370","https://openalex.org/W2808810245","https://openalex.org/W2899076365","https://openalex.org/W2903465993","https://openalex.org/W2904466241","https://openalex.org/W2909640002","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2948802787","https://openalex.org/W2962690905","https://openalex.org/W2964169391","https://openalex.org/W3005131437","https://openalex.org/W3123589737","https://openalex.org/W4293534646","https://openalex.org/W4302024931","https://openalex.org/W6629483879","https://openalex.org/W6687681856","https://openalex.org/W6730962428","https://openalex.org/W6732720617","https://openalex.org/W6736792253","https://openalex.org/W6748599826","https://openalex.org/W6755921573","https://openalex.org/W6773969169","https://openalex.org/W6842660668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085660129","https://openalex.org/W1951675612","https://openalex.org/W2174689325","https://openalex.org/W432587880","https://openalex.org/W3017409609","https://openalex.org/W4282964981","https://openalex.org/W2010344474","https://openalex.org/W2764390627","https://openalex.org/W643752427","https://openalex.org/W2116717771"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"success":[1],"of":[2,11,40,91],"modern":[3],"ride-sharing":[4,13,25],"platforms":[5],"crucially":[6],"depends":[7],"on":[8],"the":[9,12,20,32,66,106,118,123],"profit":[10],"fleet":[14],"operating":[15],"companies,":[16],"and":[17,34,75],"how":[18],"efficiently":[19,70],"resources":[21],"are":[22],"managed.":[23],"Further,":[24,68],"allows":[26],"sharing":[27,86,113],"costs":[28],"and,":[29],"hence,":[30],"reduces":[31],"congestion":[33],"emission":[35],"by":[36,63],"making":[37],"better":[38,100],"use":[39],"vehicle":[41,147],"capacities.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"develop":[47],"a":[48,141],"distributed":[49,142],"model-free,":[50],"DeepPool,":[51],"that":[52,108],"uses":[53],"deep":[54,76],"Q-network":[55],"(DQN)":[56],"techniques":[57],"to":[58,79,120,133],"learn":[59],"optimal":[60],"dispatch":[61,117],"policies":[62],"interacting":[64],"with":[65],"environment.":[67],"DeepPool":[69,98,129],"incorporates":[71],"travel":[72],"demand":[73,125],"statistics":[74],"learning":[77],"models":[78],"manage":[80],"dispatching":[81],"vehicles":[82,119],"for":[83],"improved":[84],"ride":[85,112],"services.":[87],"Using":[88],"real-world":[89],"dataset":[90],"taxi":[92],"trip":[93],"records":[94],"in":[95,105,140,144],"New":[96],"York,":[97],"performs":[99],"than":[101],"other":[102],"strategies,":[103],"proposed":[104],"literature,":[107],"do":[109,115],"not":[110,116],"consider":[111],"or":[114],"regions":[121],"where":[122],"future":[124],"is":[126,138],"anticipated.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"can":[130],"adapt":[131],"rapidly":[132],"dynamic":[134],"environments":[135],"since":[136],"it":[137],"implemented":[139],"manner":[143],"which":[145],"each":[146],"solves":[148],"its":[149],"own":[150],"DQN":[151],"individually":[152],"without":[153],"coordination.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}