{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2915385979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","title":"An Efficient Texture Descriptor for the Detection of License Plates From Vehicle Images in Difficult Conditions","display_name":"An Efficient Texture Descriptor for the Detection of License Plates From Vehicle Images in Difficult Conditions","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2915385979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","mag":"2915385979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068129199","display_name":"Meeras Salman Al-Shemarry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-9441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142005","display_name":"University of Kerbala","ror":"https://ror.org/0449bkp65","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142005"]}],"countries":["AU","IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meeras Salman Al-Shemarry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Department, Science College, Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq","School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-9441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Department, Science College, Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443879","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028530736","display_name":"Shahab Abdulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-6969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahab Abdulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Open Access College, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-6969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Open Access College, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97113871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"553","last_page":"564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7955714464187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6561577320098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6268737316131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6045726537704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5639308094978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-histogram-equalization","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","score":0.555382490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.542643666267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.5213062167167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.5048688054084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.44984787702560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.4325670599937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.421872079372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4149115979671478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3043147921562195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7955714464187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6561577320098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6268737316131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6045726537704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5639308094978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30387639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680744","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","level":5,"score":0.555382490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.542643666267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.5213062167167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.5048688054084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44984787702560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.4325670599937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.421872079372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4149115979671478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3043147921562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.usq.edu.au:36040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8649810/metrics","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400692","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article (Commonwealth Reporting Category C)"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320985","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35163046","https://openalex.org/W67744807","https://openalex.org/W869193716","https://openalex.org/W1481460540","https://openalex.org/W1968010607","https://openalex.org/W1975959625","https://openalex.org/W1981438058","https://openalex.org/W1983128835","https://openalex.org/W1987888265","https://openalex.org/W1988245995","https://openalex.org/W1997275192","https://openalex.org/W2001412060","https://openalex.org/W2018563164","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2039177567","https://openalex.org/W2040604977","https://openalex.org/W2051896888","https://openalex.org/W2054797853","https://openalex.org/W2067136171","https://openalex.org/W2071267894","https://openalex.org/W2095565388","https://openalex.org/W2096987757","https://openalex.org/W2102608210","https://openalex.org/W2104714048","https://openalex.org/W2104954130","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2113417724","https://openalex.org/W2113951056","https://openalex.org/W2119486302","https://openalex.org/W2121971770","https://openalex.org/W2123559215","https://openalex.org/W2124593492","https://openalex.org/W2132852045","https://openalex.org/W2135696199","https://openalex.org/W2142550401","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2147671859","https://openalex.org/W2152548630","https://openalex.org/W2160072666","https://openalex.org/W2160977939","https://openalex.org/W2162477536","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2169976759","https://openalex.org/W2171518114","https://openalex.org/W2203291448","https://openalex.org/W2215003561","https://openalex.org/W2238314517","https://openalex.org/W2273196628","https://openalex.org/W2279655419","https://openalex.org/W2293457052","https://openalex.org/W2314204174","https://openalex.org/W2336995393","https://openalex.org/W2388130594","https://openalex.org/W2402365722","https://openalex.org/W2405089906","https://openalex.org/W2419654905","https://openalex.org/W2463280635","https://openalex.org/W2508224586","https://openalex.org/W2515800123","https://openalex.org/W2532343603","https://openalex.org/W2541415372","https://openalex.org/W2542029178","https://openalex.org/W2546309131","https://openalex.org/W2585184564","https://openalex.org/W2602747466","https://openalex.org/W2604593829","https://openalex.org/W2760331245","https://openalex.org/W3103281441","https://openalex.org/W4294391685","https://openalex.org/W6623817702","https://openalex.org/W6667285161","https://openalex.org/W6675653735","https://openalex.org/W6676759424","https://openalex.org/W6678235161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162593906","https://openalex.org/W2387482914","https://openalex.org/W2385217229","https://openalex.org/W2302472796","https://openalex.org/W2376822833","https://openalex.org/W2393164332","https://openalex.org/W4319781082","https://openalex.org/W2015245117","https://openalex.org/W2604503469","https://openalex.org/W2381972374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,21],"paper":[1,22],"aims":[2],"to":[3,56,86,110,117,152],"identify":[4],"the":[5,33,53,59,84,114,119,122,131,153],"license":[6,34,69],"plates":[7,35],"under":[8,170],"difficult":[9,171],"image":[10,71,181],"conditions,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,83],"low/high":[14],"contrast,":[15],"foggy,":[16],"distorted,":[17],"and":[18,148,176,184],"dusty":[19],"conditions.":[20],"proposes":[23],"an":[24,87,106,140],"efficient":[25],"descriptor,":[26],"multi-level":[27],"extended":[28,104],"local":[29],"binary":[30],"pattern,":[31],"for":[32,67,92],"(LPs)":[36],"detection":[37,124,137,149,156,159,177],"system.":[38,125],"A":[39],"pre-processing":[40],"Gaussian":[41],"filter":[42],"with":[43,52,99,139,163],"contrast-limited":[44],"adaptive":[45],"histogram":[46,65],"equalization":[47],"enhancement":[48],"method":[49,133],"is":[50,103,161,182],"applied":[51],"proposed":[54,132],"descriptor":[55],"capture":[57],"all":[58],"representative":[60],"features.":[61],"The":[62,78,97,126,158,173],"corresponding":[63],"bins":[64],"features":[66,80],"a":[68,135,164],"plate":[70],"at":[72],"each":[73],"different":[74],"level":[75],"are":[76,81],"calculated.":[77],"extracted":[79],"used":[82],"input":[85],"extreme":[88],"learning":[89],"machine":[90],"classifier":[91],"multiclass":[93],"vehicle":[94,180],"LPs":[95,102,123],"identification.":[96],"dataset":[98,116],"English":[100],"cars":[101],"using":[105],"online":[107],"photo":[108],"editor":[109],"make":[111],"changes":[112],"on":[113],"original":[115],"improve":[118],"accuracy":[120,138],"of":[121,168],"experimental":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130],"has":[134],"high":[136,142],"extremely":[141],"computational":[143],"efficiency":[144],"in":[145],"both":[146],"training":[147,175],"processes":[150],"compared":[151],"most":[154],"popular":[155],"methods.":[157],"rate":[160,167],"99.10%":[162],"false":[165],"positive":[166],"5%":[169],"images.":[172],"average":[174],"time":[178],"per":[179],"4.25":[183],"0.735":[185],"s,":[186],"respectively.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
