{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917118656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","title":"SmartDrive: Traction Energy Optimization and Applications in Rail Systems","display_name":"SmartDrive: Traction Energy Optimization and Applications in Rail Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917118656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","mag":"2917118656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080737022","display_name":"Zhongbei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongbei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-3327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037987331","display_name":"Ning Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-8930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-8930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012869","display_name":"Stuart Hillmansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-452X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Hillmansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114375483","display_name":"Clive Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-2105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clive Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087071401","display_name":"Trevor Dowens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I299730958","display_name":"Ricardo (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05q07rr84","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I299730958"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor Dowens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ricardo Rail, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ricardo Rail, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I299730958"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028698728","display_name":"Colin Kerr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edinburgh Trams, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Trams, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":129,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98881025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"2764","last_page":"2773"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction-power-network","display_name":"Traction power network","score":0.6444445252418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6342484951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6038211584091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5175637602806091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.5114372968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.46626123785972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.46012449264526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4582175314426422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4441049098968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signage","display_name":"Signage","score":0.4156438112258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory-optimization","display_name":"Trajectory optimization","score":0.4147953689098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3419051766395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11684036254882812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186697258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361842","display_name":"Traction power network","level":3,"score":0.6444445252418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6342484951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6038211584091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5175637602806091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.5114372968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46626123785972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.46012449264526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4582175314426422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4441049098968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114938261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211272","display_name":"Signage","level":2,"score":0.4156438112258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173246807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833062","display_name":"Trajectory optimization","level":3,"score":0.4147953689098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3419051766395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11684036254882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2897279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:Publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tian, Z, Zhao, N, Hillmansen, S, Roberts, C, Dowens, T & Kerr, C 2019, 'SmartDrive : traction energy optimization and applications in rail systems', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , vol. 20, no. 7, 8649821, pp. 2764-2773. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2897279","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8649821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ba3d9f8f-aa05-4117-b167-459b0c7024ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tian, Z, Zhao, N, Hillmansen, S, Roberts, C, Dowens, T & Kerr, C 2019, 'SmartDrive : traction energy optimization and applications in rail systems', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , vol. 20, no. 7, 8649821, pp. 2764-2773. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2897279","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4847509047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L171007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1279320161","https://openalex.org/W1506907352","https://openalex.org/W1571587569","https://openalex.org/W1970133079","https://openalex.org/W1975123004","https://openalex.org/W1988986641","https://openalex.org/W1999731533","https://openalex.org/W2038814776","https://openalex.org/W2041388425","https://openalex.org/W2046413150","https://openalex.org/W2063032533","https://openalex.org/W2065474320","https://openalex.org/W2088357052","https://openalex.org/W2091098082","https://openalex.org/W2095113878","https://openalex.org/W2096536313","https://openalex.org/W2109879495","https://openalex.org/W2135779448","https://openalex.org/W2138177972","https://openalex.org/W2139315937","https://openalex.org/W2259071945","https://openalex.org/W2294449466","https://openalex.org/W2318875810","https://openalex.org/W2523094825","https://openalex.org/W2527826323","https://openalex.org/W2532312824","https://openalex.org/W2562686831","https://openalex.org/W2594181184","https://openalex.org/W2766282873","https://openalex.org/W2953232409","https://openalex.org/W3141280230","https://openalex.org/W3198160809","https://openalex.org/W4302876888","https://openalex.org/W6672416239","https://openalex.org/W6727620957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904060783","https://openalex.org/W4385832323","https://openalex.org/W2356996864","https://openalex.org/W2015393961","https://openalex.org/W2378339670","https://openalex.org/W2139910871","https://openalex.org/W2361427670","https://openalex.org/W2034340939","https://openalex.org/W2886240924","https://openalex.org/W2002039913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,196],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,10,25,47,95,102,127,136,148,155,165,169,181,189,207,227],"development":[4],"of":[5,12,46,97,154,206,237],"SmartDrive":[6,60],"package":[7,73],"to":[8,146,200,210],"achieve":[9,147],"application":[11],"energy-efficient":[13],"driving":[14,184],"strategy.":[15],"The":[16,63,122,219],"results":[17,125,156],"are":[18,239],"from":[19,126],"collaboration":[20],"between":[21],"Ricardo":[22],"Rail":[23],"and":[24,31,36,71,83,100,151,180,209,222],"Birmingham":[26],"Centre":[27],"for":[28,78,135,194],"Railway":[29],"Research":[30],"Education":[32],"(BCRRE).":[33],"Advanced":[34],"tram":[35],"train":[37,64,110],"trajectory":[38,65,191],"optimization":[39,66,149],"techniques":[40],"developed":[41,77,145,193],"by":[42,159],"BCRRE":[43],"as":[44],"part":[45],"UKTRAM":[48],"More":[49],"Energy":[50],"Efficiency":[51],"Tram":[52,229],"project":[53],"have":[54,232],"been":[55,76],"now":[56],"incorporated":[57],"in":[58,168,203,215,226],"Ricardo's":[59],"product":[61],"offering.":[62],"method,":[67],"associated":[68],"driver":[69,176],"training":[70,178],"awareness":[72],"(SmartDrive)":[74],"has":[75],"use":[79],"on":[80,114,188],"tram,":[81],"metro,":[82],"some":[84],"heavy":[85],"rail":[86],"systems.":[87],"A":[88,175],"simulator":[89,128],"was":[90,144],"designed":[91],"that":[92,158,234],"can":[93,171],"simulate":[94],"movement":[96],"railway":[98],"vehicles":[99],"calculate":[101],"detailed":[103],"power":[104],"system":[105,179,197],"energy":[106,123,166,235],"consumption":[107],"with":[108],"different":[109],"trajectories":[111],"when":[112],"implemented":[113],"a":[115],"typical":[116],"AC":[117],"or":[118],"DC":[119],"powered":[120],"route.":[121,138],"evaluation":[124],"will":[129],"provide":[130],"several":[131],"potential":[132],"energy-saving":[133],"solutions":[134],"existing":[137],"An":[139],"enhanced":[140],"Brute":[141],"Force":[142],"algorithm":[143],"quickly":[150],"efficiently.":[152],"Analysis":[153],"showed":[157],"implementing":[160],"an":[161],"optimal":[162,212],"speed":[163,213],"trajectory,":[164],"usage":[167],"network":[170,208],"be":[172],"significantly":[173],"reduced.":[174],"practical":[177],"optimized":[182,190],"lineside":[183],"control":[185],"signage,":[186],"based":[187],"were":[192],"testing.":[195],"instructed":[198],"drivers":[199],"maximize":[201],"coasting":[202],"segregated":[204],"sections":[205],"match":[211],"limits":[214],"busier":[216],"street":[217],"sections.":[218],"field":[220],"trials":[221],"real":[223],"daily":[224],"operations":[225],"Edinburgh":[228],"Line,":[230],"U.K.,":[231],"shown":[233],"savings":[236],"10%-20%":[238],"achievable.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}