{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807062951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","title":"A Hierarchical Scheme for Vehicle Make and Model Recognition From Frontal Images of Vehicles","display_name":"A Hierarchical Scheme for Vehicle Make and Model Recognition From Frontal Images of Vehicles","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807062951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","mag":"2807062951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033316112","display_name":"Lei L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022334521","display_name":"Hua Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-1702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033316112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89098513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"1774","last_page":"1786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6752283573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6555261611938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6385295987129211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5927048325538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5612025856971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5016446113586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.45096662640571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4496694505214691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.44473764300346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44416236877441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39704927802085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3453967571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3287935256958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1717485785484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16405123472213745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6752283573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6555261611938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6385295987129211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5927048325538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5612025856971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5016446113586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45096662640571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4496694505214691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.44473764300346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44416236877441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39704927802085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3453967571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3287935256958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1717485785484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16405123472213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2835471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7225337417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61425013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W646867968","https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1515244452","https://openalex.org/W1528417023","https://openalex.org/W1547975604","https://openalex.org/W1549752654","https://openalex.org/W1586227464","https://openalex.org/W1896424170","https://openalex.org/W1924485039","https://openalex.org/W1958236864","https://openalex.org/W1959000896","https://openalex.org/W1965470957","https://openalex.org/W1971632563","https://openalex.org/W1977372648","https://openalex.org/W1980716429","https://openalex.org/W1991132076","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2012313888","https://openalex.org/W2012831311","https://openalex.org/W2025862220","https://openalex.org/W2045721916","https://openalex.org/W2054256694","https://openalex.org/W2069428064","https://openalex.org/W2080829704","https://openalex.org/W2089665028","https://openalex.org/W2097603220","https://openalex.org/W2099695159","https://openalex.org/W2101358131","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104266187","https://openalex.org/W2105272831","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2123203601","https://openalex.org/W2123304600","https://openalex.org/W2123495974","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2131024102","https://openalex.org/W2131490314","https://openalex.org/W2138091718","https://openalex.org/W2144426297","https://openalex.org/W2148231952","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153238269","https://openalex.org/W2153500651","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166074557","https://openalex.org/W2169915211","https://openalex.org/W2171786422","https://openalex.org/W2179713099","https://openalex.org/W2271538105","https://openalex.org/W2272952760","https://openalex.org/W2343184955","https://openalex.org/W2549125172","https://openalex.org/W2586934430","https://openalex.org/W2786592043","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W6630988933","https://openalex.org/W6631647551","https://openalex.org/W6632864041","https://openalex.org/W6635144446","https://openalex.org/W6639495226","https://openalex.org/W6656957787","https://openalex.org/W6675026286","https://openalex.org/W6679513098","https://openalex.org/W6679578984","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684955264","https://openalex.org/W6693952716","https://openalex.org/W6748331871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241330371","https://openalex.org/W4389363760","https://openalex.org/W3203470546","https://openalex.org/W1988723200","https://openalex.org/W3038086597","https://openalex.org/W1975289146","https://openalex.org/W4287208209","https://openalex.org/W1997795239","https://openalex.org/W2911817544","https://openalex.org/W2327130486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,208],"presents":[2],"a":[3,135,155,200],"novel":[4],"recognition":[5,12,83],"scheme":[6],"for":[7,179],"vehicle":[8,51,113,202],"make":[9],"and":[10,45,209],"model":[11],"(VMMR)":[13],"from":[14,120],"frontal":[15,37],"images":[16],"of":[17,39,65,71,76,99,106,128,158,165,185,189],"vehicles.":[18],"In":[19,63,160],"general,":[20],"we":[21,68],"introduce":[22],"some":[23],"domain":[24],"knowledge":[25],"to":[26,54,80,110],"cope":[27],"with":[28],"this":[29,139,161,207],"task.":[30],"The":[31,193],"structural":[32,78],"components":[33,79],"contained":[34],"in":[35,86,103,138,143,182,206],"the":[36,55,66,72,82,90,93,100,104,112,116,121,126,129,150,163,171,183,186,190,212],"appearance":[38],"vehicles":[40],"present":[41],"different":[42,59],"visual":[43],"characteristics":[44],"their":[46],"discriminating":[47,74],"ability":[48,75,188],"varies":[49],"when":[50],"models":[52,114,127,152],"belonging":[53],"same":[56,130],"brand":[57,117,131,145],"or":[58],"brands":[60],"are":[61,132,147,177],"compared.":[62],"light":[64,184],"particularities,":[67],"take":[69],"advantage":[70],"varying":[73],"these":[77],"perform":[81],"task":[84],"sequentially":[85],"two":[87],"stages.":[88],"At":[89,170],"first":[91],"stage,":[92,173],"logo":[94],"sub-region":[95],"(which":[96],"is":[97,108,168],"one":[98,144],"component-related":[101],"sub-regions":[102],"region":[105],"interest)":[107],"applied":[109],"classify":[111],"at":[115],"level.":[118],"Different":[119],"traditional":[122],"brand-level":[123],"classification":[124],"that":[125],"considered":[133],"as":[134],"single":[136],"class,":[137],"paper,":[140],"multiple":[141],"sub-classes":[142],"class":[146],"allowed,":[148],"since":[149],"intra-brand":[151],"also":[153],"exhibit":[154],"certain":[156],"degree":[157],"diversity.":[159],"way,":[162],"problem":[164],"inter-class":[166],"similarity":[167],"remitted.":[169],"second":[172],"several":[174],"customized":[175],"classifiers":[176],"trained":[178],"each":[180],"sub-class":[181],"discriminant":[187],"remaining":[191],"sub-regions.":[192],"proposed":[194],"approach":[195],"has":[196,210],"been":[197],"tested":[198],"on":[199],"large-scale":[201],"image":[203],"database":[204],"collected":[205],"achieved":[211],"state-of-the-art":[213],"results.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
