{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2607456969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","title":"A New Take on Protecting Cyclists in Smart Cities","display_name":"A New Take on Protecting Cyclists in Smart Cities","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2607456969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","mag":"2607456969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04540","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027103680","display_name":"Adam Herrmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-4193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Herrmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-4193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448079","display_name":"Mingming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8988-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8988-2104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francesco Pilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-1239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Pilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-1239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Shorten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shorten","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00480443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"12","first_page":"3992","last_page":"3999"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6971057057380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6590334177017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6525314450263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-combustion-engine","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","score":0.4793282747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4761914312839508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.47166621685028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.39410850405693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.34969472885131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3316490650177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2650882601737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09906876087188721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6971057057380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6590334177017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6525314450263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.4793282747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4761914312839508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.47166621685028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.39410850405693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.34969472885131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3316490650177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2650882601737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09906876087188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2794298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1704.04540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04540","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04540","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2607456969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04540.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1704.04540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1704.04540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1704.04540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04540","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04540","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2700467771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-SC5-04-2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7045609662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"689954","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7504877568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11/PI/1177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":"Lero - the Irish Software Research Centre","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2607456969.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2607456969.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1644304004","https://openalex.org/W1978438502","https://openalex.org/W2015806374","https://openalex.org/W2022224792","https://openalex.org/W2028028588","https://openalex.org/W2063428998","https://openalex.org/W2112186706","https://openalex.org/W2116507007","https://openalex.org/W2128058403","https://openalex.org/W2133150655","https://openalex.org/W2136474336","https://openalex.org/W2145590366","https://openalex.org/W2179507976","https://openalex.org/W2513907769","https://openalex.org/W2557791298","https://openalex.org/W2564180139","https://openalex.org/W2620685196","https://openalex.org/W2741056528","https://openalex.org/W4235682978","https://openalex.org/W6725552064","https://openalex.org/W7021072762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963569161","https://openalex.org/W3117661175","https://openalex.org/W2989008328","https://openalex.org/W644869229","https://openalex.org/W2769788410","https://openalex.org/W3082059486","https://openalex.org/W1971259793","https://openalex.org/W2019024888","https://openalex.org/W2170788932","https://openalex.org/W2953426785","https://openalex.org/W3126587123","https://openalex.org/W2991372820","https://openalex.org/W3185445281","https://openalex.org/W3021801534","https://openalex.org/W2884148799","https://openalex.org/W2787492282","https://openalex.org/W3163725876","https://openalex.org/W2997554894","https://openalex.org/W2771476465","https://openalex.org/W2886953335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pollution":[0],"in":[1,66,87,119,160,165,205,208],"urban":[2,17],"centers":[3],"is":[4,12,143,164,172,193,215],"becoming":[5],"a":[6,13,77,88,146,161,196,199,209,218],"major":[7],"societal":[8],"problem.":[9],"While":[10],"pollution":[11,134],"concern":[14],"for":[15],"all":[16],"dwellers,":[18],"cyclists":[19,187],"are":[20,37,127,202],"one":[21],"of":[22,49,102,132,186],"the":[23,46,80,85,97,100,141,151,179,183,213],"most":[24],"exposed":[25],"groups":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,31,39,82,111,129,149],"their":[29],"proximity":[30],"vehicle":[32,98,197],"tailpipes.":[33],"Consequently,":[34],"new":[35,59],"solutions":[36],"required":[38],"help":[40],"protect":[41],"citizens,":[42,93],"especially":[43],"cyclists,":[44],"from":[45],"harmful":[47],"effects":[48],"exhaust-gas":[50],"emissions.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,67],"context,":[54],"hybrid":[55],"vehicles":[56,177],"(HVs)":[57],"offer":[58],"actuation":[60],"possibilities":[61],"that":[62,115,163],"can":[63,116],"be":[64,117],"exploited":[65],"direction.":[68],"More":[69],"specifically,":[70],"such":[71,120],"vehicles,":[72,121],"when":[73],"working":[74],"together":[75],"as":[76],"group,":[78],"have":[79],"ability":[81],"dynamically":[83],"lower":[84],"emissions":[86,138],"given":[89],"area,":[90],"thus":[91],"benefiting":[92],"whilst":[94],"still":[95],"giving":[96],"owner":[99],"flexibility":[101],"using":[103,217],"an":[104,113],"internal":[105],"combustion":[106],"engine.":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109],"aims":[110],"develop":[112],"algorithm":[114,148,192],"deployed":[118],"whereby":[122],"geofences":[123],"(virtual":[124],"geographic":[125],"boundaries)":[126],"used":[128],"specify":[130],"areas":[131],"low":[133],"around":[135],"cyclists.":[136],"The":[137,169,191],"level":[139],"inside":[140,178],"geofence":[142,180],"controlled":[144],"via":[145],"coin-tossing":[147],"switch":[150],"HV":[152],"motor":[153],"into,":[154],"and":[155,182,207,212],"out":[156],"of,":[157],"electric":[158],"mode,":[159],"manner":[162],"some":[166],"sense":[167],"optimal.":[168],"optimality":[170],"criterion":[171],"based":[173],"on":[174],"how":[175],"polluting":[176],"are,":[181],"expected":[184],"density":[185],"near":[188],"each":[189],"vehicle.":[190],"triggered":[194],"once":[195],"detects":[198],"cyclist.":[200],"Implementations":[201],"presented":[203],"both":[204],"simulation":[206],"real":[210],"vehicle,":[211],"system":[214],"tested":[216],"hardware-in-the-loop":[219],"platform":[220],"(video":[221],"provided).":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
