{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2771641531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","title":"Safety Assessment of a UAV CD&R System in High Density Airspace Using Monte Carlo Simulations","display_name":"Safety Assessment of a UAV CD&R System in High Density Airspace Using Monte Carlo Simulations","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2771641531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","mag":"2771641531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078803208","display_name":"Yazdi I. Jenie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-3162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yazdi I. Jenie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-3162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084079105","display_name":"Erik-Jan Van Kampen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-4471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik-Jan van Kampen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-4471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082541058","display_name":"Joost Ellerbroek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2232-8299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost Ellerbroek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084184206","display_name":"Jacco Hoekstra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2734-2719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacco M. Hoekstra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Operation Division, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078803208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.0402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98313041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"2686","last_page":"2695"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.6821069717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6769313812255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.658132791519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.5701616406440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5423198342323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-traffic-control","display_name":"Air traffic control","score":0.485606849193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44877612590789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.43662792444229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.32546466588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24770691990852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13533282279968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13467741012573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13459175825119019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.6821069717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6769313812255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.658132791519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.5701616406440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5423198342323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166961238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221395","display_name":"Air traffic control","level":2,"score":0.485606849193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44877612590789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.43662792444229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.32546466588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24770691990852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13533282279968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13467741012573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13459175825119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2758859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20617014","https://openalex.org/W1566729138","https://openalex.org/W1623377677","https://openalex.org/W1992113624","https://openalex.org/W2002440441","https://openalex.org/W2034817372","https://openalex.org/W2053742773","https://openalex.org/W2124369271","https://openalex.org/W2124497430","https://openalex.org/W2129871879","https://openalex.org/W2160852257","https://openalex.org/W2312803650","https://openalex.org/W2626492502","https://openalex.org/W2765603712","https://openalex.org/W2888689374","https://openalex.org/W6633940791","https://openalex.org/W6678791162","https://openalex.org/W6739838370","https://openalex.org/W7010134947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2889566344","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W2743212448","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W3113932901","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3005999311","https://openalex.org/W3042530408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,17,26,85,138],"safety":[4,82,154],"assessment":[5],"method":[6],"for":[7,38],"unmanned":[8],"aerial":[9],"vehicle":[10,107],"(UAV)":[11],"operations,":[12],"including":[13],"the":[14,32,54,62,81,135,150,156,158],"effect":[15],"of":[16,51,56,64,70,93,140,144,153,161],"distributed":[18,94],"conflict":[19],"detection":[20],"and":[21,36,61,99,113],"resolution":[22],"(CD&R)":[23],"system,":[24],"in":[25,84,155],"high":[27,46],"density":[28],"airspace":[29],"environment.":[30],"Here,":[31],"expected":[33],"conflicts":[34],"occurrence":[35],"chances":[37],"each":[39,106,119,125],"CD&R":[40,95,133,167,180],"system":[41],"to":[42,47,79],"perform":[43],"are":[44,76,97],"sufficiently":[45],"extract":[48],"two":[49],"parameters":[50,83],"safety,":[52],"i.e.,":[53,101],"frequency":[55,63],"near":[57],"mid-air":[58,65],"collision":[59,66],"(NMAC)":[60],"(MAC),":[67],"by":[68],"series":[69],"Monte":[71],"Carlo":[72],"simulations.":[73],"The":[74],"results":[75],"then":[77],"used":[78],"derive":[80],"more":[86,141,175],"realistic,":[87],"less":[88],"dense":[89],"airspace.":[90],"Two":[91],"cases":[92,177],"protocols":[96],"assessed":[98],"compared,":[100],"1)":[102],"uncoordinated":[103],"protocol,":[104],"where":[105,118],"has":[108],"its":[109],"own":[110],"avoidance":[111],"preferences,":[112],"2)":[114],"implicitly":[115,165],"coordinated":[116,166],"protocol":[117,168],"vehicle,":[120],"while":[121,148],"still":[122],"independent":[123],"from":[124],"other,":[126],"applies":[127],"simple":[128],"common":[129],"rules.":[130],"Using":[131],"those":[132],"protocols,":[134],"result":[136],"shows":[137],"reduction":[139],"than":[142,176],"94%":[143],"possible":[145],"NMAC.":[146],"Moreover,":[147],"maintaining":[149],"target":[151],"level":[152],"airspace,":[157],"maximum":[159],"number":[160],"UAVs":[162],"under":[163],"an":[164],"can":[169],"be":[170],"at":[171],"least":[172],"ten":[173],"times":[174],"when":[178],"no":[179],"is":[181],"applied.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}