{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2764076527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","title":"A Cascaded Part-Based System for Fine-Grained Vehicle Classification","display_name":"A Cascaded Part-Based System for Fine-Grained Vehicle Classification","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2764076527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","mag":"2764076527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076331513","display_name":"Mohsen Biglari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-7313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176861719","display_name":"University of Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00yqvtm78","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Biglari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-7313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015161209","display_name":"Ali Soleimani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8878-4046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176861719","display_name":"University of Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00yqvtm78","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Soleimani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032401284","display_name":"Hamid Hassanpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-9822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176861719","display_name":"University of Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00yqvtm78","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Hassanpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076331513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97050562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"273","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6683538556098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.665523111820221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6077379584312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5801072120666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5363107919692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5330119729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.48720282316207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.48581624031066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.47513821721076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44091472029685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.43223822116851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3701164722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17695975303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09540760517120361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6683538556098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.665523111820221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6077379584312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5801072120666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5363107919692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5330119729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.48720282316207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.48581624031066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.47513821721076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44091472029685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.43223822116851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3701164722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17695975303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09540760517120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2749961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W646867968","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1924485039","https://openalex.org/W1958236864","https://openalex.org/W1960289438","https://openalex.org/W1977372648","https://openalex.org/W1980716429","https://openalex.org/W1992636780","https://openalex.org/W1997661213","https://openalex.org/W2012313888","https://openalex.org/W2036989445","https://openalex.org/W2045200918","https://openalex.org/W2054256694","https://openalex.org/W2055633640","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2069428064","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2123203601","https://openalex.org/W2131490314","https://openalex.org/W2136767008","https://openalex.org/W2137136775","https://openalex.org/W2143799995","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2166074557","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2248575476","https://openalex.org/W2272952760","https://openalex.org/W2293336468","https://openalex.org/W2404348063","https://openalex.org/W2405089906","https://openalex.org/W2475242006","https://openalex.org/W2518088625","https://openalex.org/W2538864697","https://openalex.org/W2540454242","https://openalex.org/W2549125172","https://openalex.org/W2597890966","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2952624574","https://openalex.org/W3098507037","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6676245398","https://openalex.org/W6713194685","https://openalex.org/W6713430005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2729514902","https://openalex.org/W2024160000","https://openalex.org/W2773500201","https://openalex.org/W2061273563","https://openalex.org/W2285052147","https://openalex.org/W4287995534","https://openalex.org/W2743258233","https://openalex.org/W2998168123","https://openalex.org/W1972656095","https://openalex.org/W2970216048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"make":[1],"and":[2,48,107,150,177,203],"model":[3,91],"recognition":[4,22],"(VMMR)":[5],"has":[6,57,127],"become":[7],"an":[8,193,204],"important":[9],"part":[10],"of":[11,44,79,186,196,207],"intelligent":[12],"transportation":[13],"systems.":[14],"VMMR":[15,32],"can":[16,155],"be":[17],"useful":[18],"when":[19],"license":[20],"plate":[21],"is":[23,33],"not":[24],"feasible":[25],"or":[26],"fake":[27],"number":[28,43],"plates":[29],"are":[30],"used.":[31],"a":[34,89,98,102,108,123,140],"hard,":[35],"fine-grained":[36],"classification":[37],"problem,":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,116,135,158],"the":[41,76,84,119,136,145,167,178,183],"large":[42],"classes,":[45],"substantial":[46],"inner-class,":[47],"small":[49],"inter-class":[50],"distance.":[51],"A":[52],"novel":[53,103,124],"cascaded":[54,153],"part-based":[55,90],"system":[56,66,120,154],"been":[58,128],"proposed":[59,147,190],"in":[60,139,164],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"for":[63,73,92],"VMMR.":[64],"This":[65,130],"uses":[67],"latent":[68],"support":[69],"vector":[70],"machine":[71],"formulation":[72],"automatically":[74],"finding":[75],"discriminative":[77],"parts":[78,105],"each":[80,93],"vehicle":[81],"category.":[82,94],"At":[83],"same":[85],"time,":[86,122],"it":[87],"learns":[88],"Our":[95],"approach":[96,191],"employs":[97],"new":[99],"training":[100],"procedure,":[101],"greedy":[104],"localization,":[106],"practical":[109],"multi-class":[110],"data":[111,175,180,201,211],"mining":[112],"algorithm.":[113],"In":[114],"order":[115],"speed":[117],"up":[118,157],"processing":[121],"cascading":[125,131],"scheme":[126,132],"proposed.":[129],"applies":[133],"classifiers":[134],"input":[137],"image":[138],"sequential":[141],"manner,":[142],"based":[143],"on":[144,173,198,209],"two":[146],"criteria:":[148],"confidence":[149],"frequency.":[151],"The":[152,170,189],"run":[156],"80%":[159],"faster":[160],"with":[161,166],"analogous":[162],"accuracy":[163,195,206],"comparison":[165],"non-cascaded":[168],"system.":[169],"extensive":[171],"experiments":[172],"our":[174,187,199],"set":[176,181,202],"CompCars":[179,210],"indicate":[182],"outstanding":[184],"performance":[185],"approach.":[188],"achieves":[192],"average":[194,205],"97.01%":[197],"challenging":[200],"95.55%":[208],"set.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}