{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2761674318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","title":"A<sup>2</sup>CPS: A Vehicle-Centric Safety Conceptual Framework for Autonomous Transport Systems","display_name":"A<sup>2</sup>CPS: A Vehicle-Centric Safety Conceptual Framework for Autonomous Transport Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2761674318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","mag":"2761674318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064330229","display_name":"Jamil Kalil Naufal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamil K. Naufal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024866712","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Batista Camargo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao B. Camargo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022457581","display_name":"L\u00facio F. Vismari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-2464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio F. Vismari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013321718","display_name":"Jorge Rady de Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-4570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge R. de Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034848666","display_name":"Caroline Molina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Molina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010436122","display_name":"Rodrigo Ignacio R. Gonzalez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Ignacio R. Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Analysis Group, School of Engineering of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067675907","display_name":"Rafia Inam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafia Inam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084929849","display_name":"Elena Fersman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-8390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Fersman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87410146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1925","last_page":"1939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7011148929595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.6395377516746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5602202415466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-safety","display_name":"System safety","score":0.5522831678390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5481909513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5227513313293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.5169636607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.49136748909950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.45701199769973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.448022723197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard","display_name":"Hazard","score":0.4357706904411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-safety","display_name":"Active safety","score":0.4141431748867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3969264626502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3699114918708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3612738847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3504478633403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.20204651355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.15655681490898132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7011148929595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.6395377516746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5602202415466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.5522831678390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5481909513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5227513313293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.5169636607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.49136748909950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.45701199769973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.448022723197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4357706904411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127757376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2056514","display_name":"Active safety","level":2,"score":0.4141431748867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3969264626502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3699114918708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3612738847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3504478633403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.20204651355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.15655681490898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2745678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66053595","https://openalex.org/W69467742","https://openalex.org/W1549644356","https://openalex.org/W1850357514","https://openalex.org/W1965884932","https://openalex.org/W1967299345","https://openalex.org/W1979866694","https://openalex.org/W2017358384","https://openalex.org/W2074746165","https://openalex.org/W2106866030","https://openalex.org/W2117435128","https://openalex.org/W2147180543","https://openalex.org/W2152624017","https://openalex.org/W2200971133","https://openalex.org/W2238394955","https://openalex.org/W2277604139","https://openalex.org/W2343754557","https://openalex.org/W2388847177","https://openalex.org/W2493254464","https://openalex.org/W2518851919","https://openalex.org/W2576845151","https://openalex.org/W2622686791","https://openalex.org/W2904053625","https://openalex.org/W4246670154","https://openalex.org/W4251305598","https://openalex.org/W4300288128","https://openalex.org/W4323283431","https://openalex.org/W6676114642","https://openalex.org/W6711041355","https://openalex.org/W6757198733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068384771","https://openalex.org/W629205042","https://openalex.org/W2972718341","https://openalex.org/W2071229081","https://openalex.org/W3082066108","https://openalex.org/W192121971","https://openalex.org/W2962494228","https://openalex.org/W1534730229","https://openalex.org/W796110475","https://openalex.org/W2135159810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicle":[1,40,103],"systems":[2,7,91],"within":[3],"an":[4,67,76],"intelligent":[5],"transportation":[6,69,124],"(ITS)":[8],"paradigm":[9],"have":[10],"attracted":[11],"continuously":[12],"increasing":[13],"interest":[14],"from":[15,66],"both":[16],"academia":[17],"and":[18,43,58,73,79,93],"the":[19,28,100,122],"industry.":[20],"Safety":[21],"is":[22,59],"a":[23,45,51,62],"key":[24],"characteristic;":[25],"without":[26],"safety,":[27],"dream":[29],"of":[30,102,118],"autonomous":[31,77,95],"vehicles":[32],"cannot":[33],"come":[34],"true.":[35],"This":[36,83],"paper":[37],"focuses":[38],"on":[39,61,87],"safety":[41],"aspects":[42],"proposes":[44],"new":[46],"conceptual":[47],"framework,":[48],"supported":[49],"by":[50,106],"consolidated,":[52],"international":[53],"normative":[54],"risk":[55],"management":[56],"process":[57],"based":[60,86],"safety-critical":[63],"architecture":[64],"brought":[65],"analogous":[68],"domain,":[70],"to":[71,74,98,115],"design":[72],"implement":[75],"supervision":[78],"control":[80],"system":[81],"(SCS).":[82],"SCS":[84],"approach,":[85],"automotive":[88,123],"cyber":[89],"physical":[90],"(ACPSs)":[92],"called":[94],"ACPS,":[96],"aims":[97],"minimize":[99],"probability":[101],"collision":[104],"hazard":[105],"employing":[107],"resilient":[108],"actions":[109],"at":[110],"run-time,":[111],"reducing":[112],"risks":[113],"related":[114],"potential":[116],"loss":[117],"human":[119],"lives":[120],"in":[121],"domain.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2017-10-20T00:00:00"}
