{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2624924877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Variable Speed Limit Control Strategy to Reduce Traffic Congestion at Freeway Recurrent Bottlenecks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Variable Speed Limit Control Strategy to Reduce Traffic Congestion at Freeway Recurrent Bottlenecks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2624924877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","mag":"2624924877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351555","display_name":"Zhibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-6853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072820659","display_name":"Chengcheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-0034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengcheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-0034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055317929","display_name":"Hui Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092870","display_name":"Jiaxing University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j2a7k55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092870"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiaxing College, Jiangxing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiaxing College, Jiangxing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391684","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-6564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100351555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":197,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98699382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3204","last_page":"3217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7769777774810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speed-limit","display_name":"Speed limit","score":0.7563058137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7463237047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5761905908584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.48882338404655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48208433389663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4800651967525482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.44611692428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41752102971076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4128651022911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3737693428993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3653034567832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19487246870994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.15910953283309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09845265746116638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7769777774810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077350","display_name":"Speed limit","level":2,"score":0.7563058137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7463237047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5761905908584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48882338404655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48208433389663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4800651967525482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.44611692428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41752102971076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4128651022911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3737693428993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3653034567832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19487246870994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.15910953283309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09845265746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2017.2687620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6901690073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51322810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7382272513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7553394771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51508094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8192168","https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W65153156","https://openalex.org/W248493324","https://openalex.org/W568947373","https://openalex.org/W630112534","https://openalex.org/W657606557","https://openalex.org/W657847998","https://openalex.org/W1551942241","https://openalex.org/W1591564429","https://openalex.org/W1600175910","https://openalex.org/W1763790326","https://openalex.org/W1973479020","https://openalex.org/W1977502938","https://openalex.org/W1989390768","https://openalex.org/W1990702249","https://openalex.org/W1994722092","https://openalex.org/W1999048463","https://openalex.org/W2006847426","https://openalex.org/W2011504567","https://openalex.org/W2015381051","https://openalex.org/W2022689755","https://openalex.org/W2036785686","https://openalex.org/W2037141248","https://openalex.org/W2037898135","https://openalex.org/W2051757867","https://openalex.org/W2062017159","https://openalex.org/W2064295811","https://openalex.org/W2065139931","https://openalex.org/W2076932238","https://openalex.org/W2094652234","https://openalex.org/W2095688494","https://openalex.org/W2099304584","https://openalex.org/W2101915445","https://openalex.org/W2102650063","https://openalex.org/W2106355821","https://openalex.org/W2106356011","https://openalex.org/W2108957357","https://openalex.org/W2115032462","https://openalex.org/W2116977262","https://openalex.org/W2117056304","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2122723644","https://openalex.org/W2124657875","https://openalex.org/W2125624525","https://openalex.org/W2133571645","https://openalex.org/W2140722533","https://openalex.org/W2146455328","https://openalex.org/W2173875951","https://openalex.org/W2190734544","https://openalex.org/W2277961080","https://openalex.org/W2343347329","https://openalex.org/W2493238663","https://openalex.org/W2505159842","https://openalex.org/W2548722511","https://openalex.org/W2561763592","https://openalex.org/W2569340515","https://openalex.org/W2593140559","https://openalex.org/W2621123603","https://openalex.org/W3125725535","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4238538572","https://openalex.org/W4243061459","https://openalex.org/W6616137432","https://openalex.org/W6621872423","https://openalex.org/W6622089442","https://openalex.org/W6644765754","https://openalex.org/W6659849045","https://openalex.org/W6739126951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W4312117342","https://openalex.org/W2805407311","https://openalex.org/W1925677724","https://openalex.org/W2173875951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36,50,73,125,140],"primary":[1],"objective":[2],"of":[3,70,76,107,127,135],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"was":[6,34,53,95],"to":[7,20,55,65,102],"incorporate":[8],"the":[9,57,77,98,105,128,136,144,150,156,162,169,176],"reinforcement":[10],"learning":[11],"technique":[12],"in":[13,97,109,168,175],"variable":[14],"speed":[15,59],"limit":[16],"(VSL)":[17],"control":[18,32,74,159],"strategies":[19],"reduce":[21],"system":[22,71,163],"travel":[23,164],"time":[24,165],"at":[25],"freeway":[26,89],"bottlenecks.":[27],"A":[28,92],"Q-learning":[29],"(QL)-based":[30],"VSL":[31,48,51,78,138,147,152,158],"strategy":[33,130,148,160],"proposed.":[35],"controller":[37,52],"included":[38],"two":[39],"components:":[40],"a":[41,67,82,88],"QL-based":[42,146],"offline":[43],"agent":[44],"and":[45,119,173],"an":[46],"online":[47],"controller.":[49],"trained":[54],"learn":[56],"optimal":[58],"limits":[60],"for":[61,87,104],"various":[62],"traffic":[63,111,121],"states":[64],"achieve":[66],"long-term":[68],"goal":[69],"optimization.":[72],"effects":[75,126],"were":[79,123,131],"evaluated":[80],"using":[81],"modified":[83],"cell":[84,99],"transmission":[85,100],"model":[86,101],"recurrent":[90],"bottleneck.":[91],"new":[93],"parameter":[94],"introduced":[96],"account":[103],"overspeed":[106],"drivers":[108],"unsaturated":[110],"conditions.":[112],"Two":[113],"scenarios":[114],"that":[115,143],"considered":[116],"both":[117],"stable":[118,170],"fluctuating":[120,177],"demands":[122],"evaluated.":[124],"proposed":[129,145,157],"compared":[132],"with":[133],"those":[134],"feedback-based":[137,151],"strategy.":[139,153],"results":[141],"showed":[142],"outperformed":[149],"More":[154],"specifically,":[155],"reduced":[161],"by":[166],"49.34%":[167],"demand":[171,178],"scenario":[172],"21.84%":[174],"scenario.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}