{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2582641782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","title":"Surrogate Bicycle Design for Millimeter-Wave Automotive Radar Pre-Collision Testing","display_name":"Surrogate Bicycle Design for Millimeter-Wave Automotive Radar Pre-Collision Testing","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2582641782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","mag":"2582641782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076219473","display_name":"Domenic Belgiovane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-4567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Domenic J. Belgiovane","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-4567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089338867","display_name":"Chi\u2010Chih Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-7708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Chih Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045989076","display_name":"Stanley Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-9959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135191193","display_name":"University of Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/052133d12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135191193"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley Y.-P. Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050191285","display_name":"Rini Sherony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-0831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rini Sherony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota\u2019s Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Toyota's Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota\u2019s Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota's Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076219473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75129363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"2413","last_page":"2422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6647088527679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.6089485883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5082997679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5077922940254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4833599925041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.4734855592250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.44901958107948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4291345179080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3548903465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.275684118270874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6647088527679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.6089485883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5082997679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5077922940254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4833599925041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.4734855592250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.44901958107948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4291345179080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3548903465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.275684118270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2642889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130452236","https://openalex.org/W647352884","https://openalex.org/W1121908606","https://openalex.org/W1980053925","https://openalex.org/W1998880686","https://openalex.org/W2009869810","https://openalex.org/W2011237213","https://openalex.org/W2023906900","https://openalex.org/W2031915318","https://openalex.org/W2050982928","https://openalex.org/W2052148131","https://openalex.org/W2093206769","https://openalex.org/W2106630994","https://openalex.org/W2119350939","https://openalex.org/W2133491008","https://openalex.org/W2137087478","https://openalex.org/W2153837630","https://openalex.org/W2160127485","https://openalex.org/W2255278670","https://openalex.org/W2277286305","https://openalex.org/W2320426065","https://openalex.org/W2527618559","https://openalex.org/W4256268561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W2281797687","https://openalex.org/W2358411735","https://openalex.org/W4250650723","https://openalex.org/W2611761074","https://openalex.org/W2358598243","https://openalex.org/W3213527218","https://openalex.org/W3168129058","https://openalex.org/W3094505422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,12,32,38,67,72,81,84,99,107,132,145,183],"development":[4],"of":[5,14,37,83,135,151,154,163,182],"a":[6,51,56,114,128,167,196,209],"surrogate":[7,39,73,100,110,121,185],"bicycle":[8,40,58,186],"target":[9],"for":[10,176],"evaluating":[11],"effectiveness":[13],"vehicular":[15],"autonomous":[16],"emergency":[17],"braking":[18],"(AEB)/":[19],"pre-collision":[20],"systems":[21,27],"(PCSs)":[22],"that":[23,119],"uses":[24],"77-GHz":[25],"radar":[26,48,125,146],"in":[28,50,66,118],"detecting":[29],"bicyclists":[30],"on":[31,61,166,208],"road.":[33],"The":[34,179],"design":[35,103,139,177],"objective":[36],"is":[41],"to":[42,76,79,97],"produce":[43],"similar":[44,124],"optical":[45],"appearance":[46],"and":[47,219],"response":[49,126],"76-78":[52],"GHz":[53],"band":[54],"as":[55,127,157,159],"real":[57,129,152,197],"selected":[59],"based":[60],"its":[62],"popularity":[63],"(in":[64],"2014)":[65],"United":[68],"States.":[69],"In":[70],"addition,":[71],"bicyclist":[74,111,122,130],"needs":[75],"be":[77],"able":[78],"withstand":[80],"impact":[82],"test":[85,210],"vehicle":[86],"traveling":[87],"at":[88],"30":[89],"mph":[90],"(or":[91],"48":[92],"kph)":[93],"should":[94],"it":[95],"fail":[96],"detect":[98],"target.":[101],"Our":[102,138],"approach":[104,140],"differs":[105],"from":[106],"only":[108],"other":[109],"developed":[112],"by":[113],"European":[115],"research":[116],"group":[117],"our":[120],"produces":[123],"over":[131],"entire":[133],"360\u00b0":[134,190],"azimuth":[136,191],"angles.":[137],"began":[141],"with":[142,195,212,217],"experimental":[143],"characterizing":[144],"cross":[147],"section":[148],"(RCS)":[149],"patterns":[150],"bikes":[153],"different":[155,164],"types":[156],"well":[158],"identifying":[160],"RCS":[161,180],"contributions":[162],"parts":[165],"bike":[168],"via":[169,189,204],"accurate":[170],"simulations,":[171],"which":[172],"were":[173],"also":[174],"used":[175],"optimizations.":[178],"performance":[181,201],"fabricated":[184],"was":[187,202],"verified":[188],"pattern":[192],"measurement":[193],"comparison":[194],"bicycle.":[198],"Its":[199],"physical":[200],"tested":[203],"actual":[205],"field":[206],"testing":[207],"track":[211],"two":[213],"commercial":[214],"vehicles":[215],"equipped":[216],"AEB":[218],"PCS":[220],"systems.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
