{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2551797136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","title":"Looking at Vehicles in the Night: Detection and Dynamics of Rear Lights","display_name":"Looking at Vehicles in the Night: Detection and Dynamics of Rear Lights","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2551797136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","mag":"2551797136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059422823","display_name":"Ravi Kumar Satzoda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-1559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Kumar Satzoda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068831718","display_name":"Mohan M. Trivedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-6771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohan Manubhai Trivedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059422823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93981108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"4297","last_page":"4307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6554064750671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.6372193098068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6208348870277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5591466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.5113517642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.44737139344215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4403846561908722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33412209153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33365312218666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2415550947189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.144515722990036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.11773338913917542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6554064750671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6372193098068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6208348870277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5591466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.5113517642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.44737139344215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4403846561908722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33412209153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33365312218666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2415550947189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.144515722990036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.11773338913917542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2614545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472232700","https://openalex.org/W1481791148","https://openalex.org/W1655862407","https://openalex.org/W1997100885","https://openalex.org/W2042219361","https://openalex.org/W2047177684","https://openalex.org/W2047448918","https://openalex.org/W2065436291","https://openalex.org/W2115320804","https://openalex.org/W2121057272","https://openalex.org/W2127782573","https://openalex.org/W2131382202","https://openalex.org/W2131963406","https://openalex.org/W2133362858","https://openalex.org/W2136767008","https://openalex.org/W2138273245","https://openalex.org/W2139851562","https://openalex.org/W2140623477","https://openalex.org/W2151596305","https://openalex.org/W2165065922","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2302574575","https://openalex.org/W2463627759","https://openalex.org/W6682291466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2341842940","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W2329895846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"nighttime":[1,53,136,196,209],"vehicle":[2,197],"detection":[3],"methods":[4],"use":[5],"color":[6,119],"as":[7,78],"the":[8,26,65,112,122,130,133,193],"primary":[9],"cue":[10],"for":[11,93,156,167],"detecting":[12,138],"vehicles.":[13],"However,":[14],"complex":[15,176,185],"road":[16],"and":[17,21,32,58,118,144,152,158,169,178,184,214],"ambient":[18,69],"lighting":[19,70,179],"conditions,":[20],"camera":[22],"configurations":[23],"can":[24,62],"influence":[25],"effectiveness":[27],"of":[28,67,90,121,132,175,195],"such":[29],"explicit":[30,59],"rule":[31],"threshold-based":[33],"methods.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"there":[38],"are":[39,107,189],"three":[40,139,150],"main":[41],"contributions.":[42],"First,":[43],"we":[44,148],"present":[45],"a":[46,87,173,190],"novel":[47],"method":[48,74],"to":[49,128,205],"detect":[50,206],"vehicles":[51,134,207],"during":[52,83,135,208],"involving":[54,115],"both":[55],"learned":[56],"classifiers":[57,96],"rules,":[60],"which":[61,171],"operate":[63],"in":[64,192],"presence":[66],"varying":[68],"conditions.":[71,180],"The":[72,104],"proposed":[73,113],"that":[75,201],"is":[76,126,203],"titled":[77],"Vehicle":[79],"Detection":[80],"using":[81,100,111],"Active-learning":[82],"Nighttime":[84],"(VeDANt)":[85],"employs":[86],"modified":[88],"form":[89],"active":[91],"learning":[92],"training":[94],"Adaboost":[95],"with":[97,163,210],"Haar-like":[98],"features":[99],"gray-level":[101],"input":[102],"images.":[103],"hypothesis":[105],"windows":[106],"then":[108],"further":[109],"verified":[110],"techniques":[114],"perspective":[116],"geometries":[117],"information":[120],"taillights.":[123],"Second,":[124],"VeDANt":[125,202],"extended":[127],"analyze":[129],"dynamics":[131],"by":[137],"taillight":[140],"activities-braking,":[141],"turning":[142,145],"left,":[143],"right.":[146],"Third,":[147],"release":[149],"new":[151],"fully":[153],"annotated":[154,183],"Laboratory":[155],"Intelligent":[157],"Safe":[159],"Automobiles-Night":[160],"data":[161,187],"sets":[162,188],"over":[164,211],"5000":[165],"frames":[166],"evaluation":[168],"benchmarking,":[170],"capture":[172],"variety":[174],"traffic":[177],"Such":[181],"comprehensively":[182],"public":[186],"first":[191],"area":[194],"detection.":[198],"We":[199],"show":[200],"able":[204],"98%":[212],"accuracy":[213],"less":[215],"than":[216],"1%":[217],"false":[218],"detections.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}