{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406673394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","title":"A Novel Steering System for a Space-Saving 4WS4WD Electric Vehicle: Design, Modeling, and Road Tests","display_name":"A Novel Steering System for a Space-Saving 4WS4WD Electric Vehicle: Design, Modeling, and Road Tests","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406673394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","mag":"2406673394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002571973","display_name":"Zutao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2641-2049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zutao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2641-2049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041523700","display_name":"Xingtian Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingtian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075443945","display_name":"Hongye Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongye Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012716771","display_name":"Waleed Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067624571","display_name":"Yagubov Rasim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yagubov Rasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100689614","display_name":"Xinglong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-534X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000702106","display_name":"Chunbai Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunbai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004457685","display_name":"Yan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-4666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022078801","display_name":"Xiaopei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002571973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4087,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92486926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"114","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11615","display_name":"Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9452000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steering-linkage","display_name":"Steering linkage","score":0.8002115488052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-steering","display_name":"Torque steering","score":0.6763938665390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turning-radius","display_name":"Turning radius","score":0.5889043807983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5879243612289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5701078772544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5595746636390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4966335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.47759175300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-control","display_name":"Motion control","score":0.4406805634498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-differential","display_name":"Electronic differential","score":0.41382479667663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4037695527076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.367795467376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steering-wheel","display_name":"Steering wheel","score":0.34944361448287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.34669229388237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3299291729927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27935001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.2062864601612091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12938359379768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.08127990365028381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106625973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16927051","display_name":"Steering linkage","level":4,"score":0.8002115488052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80932167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826801","display_name":"Torque steering","level":3,"score":0.6763938665390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205148227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2558948","display_name":"Turning radius","level":2,"score":0.5889043807983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5879243612289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5701078772544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5595746636390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4966335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.47759175300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145565327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852514","display_name":"Motion control","level":3,"score":0.4406805634498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106613895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151901","display_name":"Electronic differential","level":3,"score":0.41382479667663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4037695527076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.367795467376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780354894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679300","display_name":"Steering wheel","level":2,"score":0.34944361448287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.34669229388237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3299291729927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27935001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.2062864601612091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12938359379768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.08127990365028381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2561626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1395789952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51175443","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8253260402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61271341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149544523","https://openalex.org/W1941854539","https://openalex.org/W1973009775","https://openalex.org/W1974248905","https://openalex.org/W1990769746","https://openalex.org/W2000360260","https://openalex.org/W2012882498","https://openalex.org/W2018255421","https://openalex.org/W2019431471","https://openalex.org/W2023153799","https://openalex.org/W2040616179","https://openalex.org/W2045184777","https://openalex.org/W2063216067","https://openalex.org/W2069253507","https://openalex.org/W2074349044","https://openalex.org/W2088016986","https://openalex.org/W2090556227","https://openalex.org/W2096699775","https://openalex.org/W2098965362","https://openalex.org/W2107806022","https://openalex.org/W2114040316","https://openalex.org/W2118579190","https://openalex.org/W2119702041","https://openalex.org/W2122731117","https://openalex.org/W2124335414","https://openalex.org/W2132174730","https://openalex.org/W2149328744","https://openalex.org/W2149372643","https://openalex.org/W2155623974","https://openalex.org/W2158304931","https://openalex.org/W2163825260","https://openalex.org/W2199346428","https://openalex.org/W2282033015","https://openalex.org/W2288924176","https://openalex.org/W4297913451","https://openalex.org/W6696439753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2270823423","https://openalex.org/W2333706655","https://openalex.org/W2390129063","https://openalex.org/W2727014314","https://openalex.org/W2187719797","https://openalex.org/W4313362262","https://openalex.org/W2112671702","https://openalex.org/W2336760520","https://openalex.org/W2320243022","https://openalex.org/W3199038075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,9,50,91,108,183],"steering":[6,12,37,43,56,80,146,201],"system":[7,27,57,81,147,178,190,202],"for":[8,53,111,143,153,165,203],"space-saving":[10,55,145,205],"four-wheel":[11,14],"and":[13,23,49,116,157,174,187,192],"drive":[15],"(4WS4WD)":[16],"electric":[17],"vehicle":[18,84],"(EV)":[19],"with":[20,47],"higher":[21],"maneuverability":[22],"flexibility.":[24],"The":[25,121],"proposed":[26,67,96,200],"consists":[28],"of":[29,58,65,102,148,198],"three":[30],"main":[31],"parts,":[32],"namely,":[33],"an":[34,40,59,99],"improved":[35],"two-front-wheel":[36],"(2FWS)":[38],"mechanism,":[39],"omnidirectional":[41],"independent":[42],"(OIS)":[44],"mechanism":[45,64,94],"integrated":[46,155],"steer-by-wire,":[48],"control":[51,73,124,141],"strategy":[52,142],"the":[54,62,66,74,78,83,125,129,140,144,149,154,163,188,196,199,204],"EV.":[60,207],"First,":[61],"2FWS":[63,156],"4WS4WD":[68,185,206],"EV":[69,150,164],"is":[70,85,95,107,134,151],"designed":[71],"to":[72,97,127],"front":[75],"wheels":[76,131],"via":[77],"redesigned":[79],"when":[82],"traveling":[86],"at":[87],"high":[88],"speeds.":[89],"Second,":[90],"retrofitted":[92],"OIS":[93,126],"achieve":[98],"angle":[100],"range":[101],"-35\u00b0":[103],"~":[104],"+90\u00b0,":[105],"which":[106,133,159],"solid":[109],"basis":[110],"zero":[112],"radius":[113],"turning":[114],"(ZRT)":[115],"lateral":[117],"parking":[118],"(LP)":[119],"motion.":[120,176],"driver":[122],"can":[123,160],"turn":[128],"four":[130],"independently,":[132],"assisted":[135],"by":[136],"steer-by-wire":[137],"technologies.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"redefined":[152],"OIS,":[158],"easily":[161],"handle":[162],"high-speed":[166],"driving":[167],"or":[168],"high-maneuverability":[169],"turning,":[170],"such":[171],"as":[172],"ZRT":[173],"LP":[175],"This":[177],"was":[179],"field":[180],"tested":[181],"on":[182],"homemade":[184],"EV,":[186],"final":[189],"simulation":[191],"performance":[193],"evaluation":[194],"demonstrated":[195],"validity":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
