{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2291023804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","title":"Gap Acceptance During Lane Changes by Large-Truck Drivers\u2014An Image-Based Analysis","display_name":"Gap Acceptance During Lane Changes by Large-Truck Drivers\u2014An Image-Based Analysis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2291023804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","mag":"2291023804","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26924947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.09415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023321485","display_name":"Kazutoshi Nobukawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kazutoshi Nobukawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059538936","display_name":"Shan Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0768-5538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074555389","display_name":"David J. LeBlanc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0280-5203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311636904","display_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kae7563","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. LeBlanc","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037644321","display_name":"Ding Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9400-8446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019025642","display_name":"Huei Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-3163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huei Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021573489","display_name":"Christopher S. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-6107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198423848","display_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0502a2655","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I198423848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA","National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198423848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198423848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023321485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311636904","https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93575123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"772","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.7502298355102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.6698967218399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.558593213558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.5154553055763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4797828793525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4743829071521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.414877325296402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40993571281433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37044045329093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2616268992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.15453004837036133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.7502298355102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6698967218399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.558593213558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.5154553055763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4797828793525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4743829071521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.414877325296402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40993571281433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37044045329093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2616268992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.15453004837036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2482821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26924947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26924947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems : a publication of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Council","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1707.09415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09415","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.09415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3736099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4766594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1707.09415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09415","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.09415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3305771455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F031433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337382","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337382","display_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0502a2655"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173206510","https://openalex.org/W602419703","https://openalex.org/W631263868","https://openalex.org/W1066759424","https://openalex.org/W1586645176","https://openalex.org/W1990616364","https://openalex.org/W1992970244","https://openalex.org/W2016151598","https://openalex.org/W2064263760","https://openalex.org/W2074051457","https://openalex.org/W2082295880","https://openalex.org/W2122723498","https://openalex.org/W2126452053","https://openalex.org/W2127796183","https://openalex.org/W2155791515","https://openalex.org/W2168022939","https://openalex.org/W2240306106","https://openalex.org/W2592766472","https://openalex.org/W4238933622","https://openalex.org/W4299427186","https://openalex.org/W4302342780","https://openalex.org/W6690128809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517019597","https://openalex.org/W1968776045","https://openalex.org/W2296713838","https://openalex.org/W767149399","https://openalex.org/W3036261569","https://openalex.org/W2889950528","https://openalex.org/W575062473","https://openalex.org/W4297672583","https://openalex.org/W2357934771","https://openalex.org/W3033024819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"analysis":[4,64],"of":[5,10,12,151],"rearward":[6],"gap":[7,63],"acceptance":[8],"characteristics":[9],"drivers":[11],"large":[13,114],"trucks":[14,115],"in":[15,73,110,122,131],"highway":[16],"lane":[17,33,38,45,80,112,133,159,177,187],"change":[18,46,81],"scenarios.":[19],"The":[20,57,99],"range":[21,101,103],"between":[22],"the":[23,31,37,42,61,68,79,85,123,149,156,172,185],"vehicles":[24,121],"was":[25],"inferred":[26],"from":[27,36,50,60],"camera":[28,40],"images":[29],"using":[30],"estimated":[32],"width":[34],"obtained":[35],"tracking":[39],"as":[41],"reference.":[43],"Six-hundred":[44],"events":[47],"were":[48,65,90],"acquired":[49],"a":[51,163,168],"large-scale":[52],"naturalistic":[53],"driving":[54],"data":[55],"set.":[56],"kinematic":[58],"variables":[59],"image-based":[62],"filtered":[66],"by":[67],"weighted":[69],"linear":[70],"least":[71],"squares":[72],"order":[74],"to":[75,155,162,182,184],"extrapolate":[76],"them":[77],"at":[78],"time.":[82],"In":[83],"addition,":[84],"time-to-collision":[86],"and":[87,92,102],"required":[88],"deceleration":[89],"computed,":[91],"potential":[93],"safety":[94],"threshold":[95],"values":[96],"are":[97,116,128,145,179],"provided.":[98],"resulting":[100],"rate":[104],"distributions":[105],"showed":[106],"directional":[107],"discrepancies,":[108],"i.e.,":[109,153],"left":[111,157],"changes,":[113],"often":[117],"slower":[118,164],"than":[119],"other":[120],"target":[124],"lane,":[125],"whereas":[126,175],"they":[127],"usually":[129],"faster":[130],"right":[132,176],"changes.":[134],"Video":[135],"observations":[136],"have":[137],"confirmed":[138],"that":[139],"major":[140],"motivations":[141],"for":[142],"changing":[143],"lanes":[144],"different":[146],"depending":[147],"on":[148,171],"direction":[150],"move,":[152],"moving":[154],"(faster)":[158],"occurs":[160],"due":[161],"vehicle":[165,170],"ahead":[166],"or":[167],"merging":[169],"right-hand":[173],"side,":[174],"changes":[178],"frequently":[180],"made":[181],"return":[183],"original":[186],"after":[188],"passing.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}