{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019177772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","title":"Driver Gaze Tracking and Eyes Off the Road Detection System","display_name":"Driver Gaze Tracking and Eyes Off the Road Detection System","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019177772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","mag":"2019177772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083746885","display_name":"Francisco Vicente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-918X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Vicente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048279104","display_name":"Zehua Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-1451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehua Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111029128","display_name":"Xuehan Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehan Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108127869","display_name":"Fernando De la Torre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando De la Torre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101462549","display_name":"Wende Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wende Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Company, Warren, MI, USA","Gen. Motors Co., Warren, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Company, Warren, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gen. Motors Co., Warren, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003638852","display_name":"Dan Levi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093787","display_name":"Herzliya Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00m6hsp80","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093787"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Levi","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Company, Herzliya, Israel","Gen. Motors Co., Herzliya, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Company, Herzliya, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093787"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gen. Motors Co., Herzliya, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083746885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.95,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":343,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99820965,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"2014","last_page":"2027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8372907638549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.826103925704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.773174524307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6514821648597717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6010752320289612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5321673154830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5238340497016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48865941166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4750228524208069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4512769281864166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.4325134754180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.42188745737075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.41341841220855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.410995215177536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.39367911219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.26791495084762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.0914427638053894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8372907638549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.826103925704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.773174524307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6514821648597717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6010752320289612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5321673154830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5238340497016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48865941166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4750228524208069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4512769281864166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.4325134754180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.42188745737075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.41341841220855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.410995215177536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.39367911219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.26791495084762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.0914427638053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2015.2396031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104720311","https://openalex.org/W185150261","https://openalex.org/W614072481","https://openalex.org/W1551949510","https://openalex.org/W1560209158","https://openalex.org/W1589443630","https://openalex.org/W1665481528","https://openalex.org/W1672271703","https://openalex.org/W1829958643","https://openalex.org/W1965752884","https://openalex.org/W1980832965","https://openalex.org/W1983561474","https://openalex.org/W2006803106","https://openalex.org/W2017107803","https://openalex.org/W2052297462","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2053290137","https://openalex.org/W2072344378","https://openalex.org/W2076017598","https://openalex.org/W2076079247","https://openalex.org/W2103978011","https://openalex.org/W2108519533","https://openalex.org/W2116208238","https://openalex.org/W2120745588","https://openalex.org/W2126762702","https://openalex.org/W2133001582","https://openalex.org/W2135666716","https://openalex.org/W2142578527","https://openalex.org/W2142727917","https://openalex.org/W2149382413","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2155217597","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2159272736","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2911647463","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W6618978933","https://openalex.org/W6635414781","https://openalex.org/W6637098435","https://openalex.org/W6637318294","https://openalex.org/W6638349886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W53042703","https://openalex.org/W2080594779","https://openalex.org/W2375878039","https://openalex.org/W2741165524","https://openalex.org/W2368198420","https://openalex.org/W2004195487","https://openalex.org/W3101807488","https://openalex.org/W2735361994","https://openalex.org/W2390289544","https://openalex.org/W2910627863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distracted":[0],"driving":[1],"is":[2,127],"one":[3],"of":[4,8,23,34,41,87],"the":[5,12,21,32,38,55,84,92,102,106,114,144],"main":[6,62],"causes":[7],"vehicle":[9],"collisions":[10],"in":[11,136],"United":[13],"States.":[14],"Passively":[15],"monitoring":[16],"a":[17,88,110,140],"driver's":[18,39,103],"activities":[19],"constitutes":[20],"basis":[22],"an":[24,46],"automobile":[25],"safety":[26],"system":[27,49,59,97,115,145],"that":[28],"can":[29],"potentially":[30],"reduce":[31],"number":[33],"accidents":[35],"by":[36],"estimating":[37],"focus":[40],"attention.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"proposes":[45],"inexpensive":[47],"vision-based":[48],"to":[50,80,129,134],"accurately":[51],"detect":[52,81],"Eyes":[53],"Off":[54],"Road":[56],"(EOR).":[57],"The":[58,122],"has":[60],"three":[61],"components:":[63],"1)":[64],"robust":[65,128],"facial":[66,99],"feature":[67],"tracking;":[68],"2)":[69],"head":[70,117,123],"pose":[71,118,124],"and":[72,75,109,119],"gaze":[73,120],"estimation;":[74],"3)":[76],"3-D":[77,111,141],"geometric":[78,142],"reasoning":[79],"EOR.":[82,148],"From":[83],"video":[85],"stream":[86],"camera":[89],"installed":[90],"on":[91],"steering":[93],"wheel":[94],"column,":[95],"our":[96],"tracks":[98],"features":[100],"from":[101],"face.":[104],"Using":[105],"tracked":[107],"landmarks":[108],"face":[112,131],"model,":[113],"computes":[116],"direction.":[121],"estimation":[125],"algorithm":[126],"nonrigid":[130],"deformations":[132],"due":[133],"changes":[135],"expressions.":[137],"Finally,":[138],"using":[139],"analysis,":[143],"reliably":[146],"detects":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
