{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990129270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","title":"GPS Localization Accuracy Classification: A Context-Based Approach","display_name":"GPS Localization Accuracy Classification: A Context-Based Approach","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990129270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","mag":"1990129270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000136377","display_name":"Nabil Drawil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabil M. Drawil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060466681","display_name":"Haitham M. Amar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-7195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitham M. Amar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031048152","display_name":"Otman Basir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6454-0538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otman A. Basir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000136377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4903,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":185,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97526159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"262","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.826019287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6737818121910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6506317853927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5751698017120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5186135768890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-awareness","display_name":"Location awareness","score":0.4682278037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.44628262519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42031633853912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39362218976020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34267377853393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10670113563537598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09280571341514587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07394865155220032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.826019287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6737818121910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6506317853927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5751698017120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5186135768890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776104089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079","display_name":"Location awareness","level":2,"score":0.4682278037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.44628262519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42031633853912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39362218976020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34267377853393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10670113563537598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09280571341514587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07394865155220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2213815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49207129","https://openalex.org/W122144693","https://openalex.org/W1557364455","https://openalex.org/W1971581461","https://openalex.org/W2009139002","https://openalex.org/W2035132431","https://openalex.org/W2044006304","https://openalex.org/W2047537631","https://openalex.org/W2055000932","https://openalex.org/W2080208785","https://openalex.org/W2081438358","https://openalex.org/W2082585239","https://openalex.org/W2088061407","https://openalex.org/W2093867810","https://openalex.org/W2094581156","https://openalex.org/W2096689096","https://openalex.org/W2102216272","https://openalex.org/W2102383783","https://openalex.org/W2106361182","https://openalex.org/W2117013956","https://openalex.org/W2118164523","https://openalex.org/W2137531101","https://openalex.org/W2140030215","https://openalex.org/W2142761337","https://openalex.org/W2163625382","https://openalex.org/W2165026003","https://openalex.org/W2166413568","https://openalex.org/W2167109052","https://openalex.org/W2167301170","https://openalex.org/W2167951319","https://openalex.org/W2168008333","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2171456613","https://openalex.org/W2503993098","https://openalex.org/W2572099955","https://openalex.org/W2598546458","https://openalex.org/W4252521233","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298408646","https://openalex.org/W6604913720","https://openalex.org/W6633161890","https://openalex.org/W6676082609","https://openalex.org/W6684303487","https://openalex.org/W6732206523","https://openalex.org/W6735693566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162200841","https://openalex.org/W3204225186","https://openalex.org/W2586280620","https://openalex.org/W2805505483","https://openalex.org/W253106158","https://openalex.org/W2384744344","https://openalex.org/W1799694159","https://openalex.org/W2393169196","https://openalex.org/W2122548659","https://openalex.org/W2084375123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Positioning":[1],"System":[2],"(GPS)":[3],"localization":[4,32,61,67,72,95,121,131,155,179,212],"has":[5],"been":[6,35],"attracting":[7],"attention":[8],"recently":[9,124],"in":[10,37,116,130,143,157,209],"various":[11,28,215],"areas,":[12],"including":[13],"intelligent":[14],"transportation":[15],"systems":[16,68],"(ITSs),":[17],"navigation":[18],"systems,":[19],"road":[20],"tolling,":[21],"smart":[22],"parking,":[23],"and":[24,48,74,82,112,191],"collision":[25],"avoidance.":[26],"Although,":[27],"approaches":[29],"for":[30,45],"improving":[31],"accuracy":[33,58,80,89,96,156,180,194,213],"have":[34,123],"reported":[36],"the":[38,60,71,78,85,91,105,113,140,147,150,154,165,169,203,206],"literature,":[39],"there":[40],"is":[41,159],"still":[42],"a":[43,175],"need":[44],"more":[46,49],"efficient":[47],"effective":[50],"measures":[51,64],"that":[52],"can":[53],"ascribe":[54],"some":[55],"level":[56],"of":[57,87,97,149,168,205],"to":[59,69,76,83,109,126,135,164,177,201],"process.":[62,171],"These":[63],"will":[65],"enable":[66],"manage":[70],"process":[73],"resources":[75],"achieve":[77],"highest":[79],"possible":[81],"mitigate":[84],"impact":[86,148],"inadequate":[88],"on":[90,103,153],"target":[92],"application.":[93],"The":[94],"any":[98],"GPS":[99,211],"system":[100],"depends":[101],"heavily":[102],"both":[104],"technique":[106],"it":[107],"uses":[108],"compute":[110],"locations":[111],"measurement":[114,141,151,170,188,216],"conditions":[115,142,152],"its":[117],"surroundings.":[118],"However,":[119],"while":[120],"techniques":[122],"started":[125],"demonstrate":[127,202],"significant":[128],"improvement":[129],"performance,":[132],"they":[133],"continue":[134],"be":[136],"severely":[137],"impacted":[138],"by":[139],"their":[144],"environment.":[145],"Indeed,":[146],"itself":[158],"an":[160],"ill-conditioned":[161],"problem":[162],"due":[163],"incongruent":[166],"nature":[167],"This":[172,182],"paper":[173],"proposes":[174],"scheme":[176,183,208],"address":[178],"estimation.":[181],"involves":[184],"two":[185],"steps,":[186],"namely,":[187],"condition":[189],"disambiguation":[190],"enhanced":[192],"location":[193],"classification.":[195],"Real-life":[196],"comparative":[197],"experiments":[198],"are":[199],"presented":[200],"efficacy":[204],"proposed":[207],"classifying":[210],"under":[214],"conditions.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}