{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052533453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","title":"Real-Time Detection and Recognition of Road Traffic Signs","display_name":"Real-Time Detection and Recognition of Road Traffic Signs","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052533453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","mag":"2052533453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037232795","display_name":"Jack Greenhalgh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-6160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jack Greenhalgh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","Visual Inf. Labs., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Inf. Labs., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007937949","display_name":"Majid Mirmehdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-1403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Mirmehdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","Visual Inf. Labs., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Inf. Labs., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037232795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.8744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":377,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99856783,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"1498","last_page":"1506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6885439157485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6726944446563721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6458889245986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.6117063760757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6047723293304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5866294503211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5616480112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5532959699630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5125217437744141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4951416552066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.4161544442176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.297882080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.18759560585021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08027961850166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0794990062713623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6885439157485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6726944446563721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6458889245986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.6117063760757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6047723293304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5866294503211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5616480112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5532959699630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5125217437744141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4951416552066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.4161544442176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.297882080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18759560585021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08027961850166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0794990062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2012.2208909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.711.9697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.711.9697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/home/greenhal/jg_trans_its_2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109176799","https://openalex.org/W1987415016","https://openalex.org/W2016017300","https://openalex.org/W2053803867","https://openalex.org/W2058433010","https://openalex.org/W2071354583","https://openalex.org/W2077753765","https://openalex.org/W2078832564","https://openalex.org/W2084551060","https://openalex.org/W2096556579","https://openalex.org/W2110086022","https://openalex.org/W2110591696","https://openalex.org/W2113650053","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2118155754","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2120260503","https://openalex.org/W2121723004","https://openalex.org/W2123694460","https://openalex.org/W2124404372","https://openalex.org/W2140126736","https://openalex.org/W2146094423","https://openalex.org/W2150581781","https://openalex.org/W2150843659","https://openalex.org/W2151275436","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164230999","https://openalex.org/W2539756509","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6604430925","https://openalex.org/W6678019558","https://openalex.org/W6678050716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2550210748","https://openalex.org/W2744049237","https://openalex.org/W2771114433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,39,96],"novel":[4],"system":[5,17,87,135],"for":[6],"the":[7,131,134],"automatic":[8],"detection":[9],"and":[10,111],"recognition":[11],"of":[12,41,52,98,106,115,133],"traffic":[13,118],"signs.":[14],"The":[15,57,85],"proposed":[16,86],"detects":[18],"candidate":[19],"regions":[20,25],"as":[21,82],"maximally":[22],"stable":[23],"extremal":[24],"(MSERs),":[26],"which":[27],"offers":[28],"robustness":[29],"to":[30,129],"variations":[31],"in":[32],"lighting":[33],"conditions.":[34],"Recognition":[35],"is":[36,88],"based":[37],"on":[38],"cascade":[40],"support":[42],"vector":[43],"machine":[44],"(SVM)":[45],"classifiers":[46],"that":[47,66],"were":[48],"trained":[49],"using":[50],"histogram":[51],"oriented":[53],"gradient":[54],"(HOG)":[55],"features.":[56],"training":[58,83],"data":[59],"are":[60,67,79,136],"generated":[61],"from":[62,70,120],"synthetic":[63],"template":[64],"images":[65],"freely":[68],"available":[69],"an":[71,103,121],"online":[72,122],"database;":[73],"thus,":[74],"real":[75],"footage":[76],"road":[77,123],"signs":[78],"not":[80],"required":[81],"data.":[84],"accurate":[89],"at":[90,102],"high":[91],"vehicle":[92],"speeds,":[93],"operates":[94],"under":[95],"range":[97],"weather":[99],"conditions,":[100],"runs":[101],"average":[104],"speed":[105],"20":[107],"frames":[108],"per":[109],"second,":[110],"recognizes":[112],"all":[113],"classes":[114],"ideogram-based":[116],"(nontext)":[117],"symbols":[119],"sign":[124],"database.":[125],"Comprehensive":[126],"comparative":[127],"results":[128],"illustrate":[130],"performance":[132],"presented.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
