{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047039024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","title":"Validation of a New Functional Design of Automatic Protection Systems at Level Crossings with Model-Checking Techniques","display_name":"Validation of a New Functional Design of Automatic Protection Systems at Level Crossings with Model-Checking Techniques","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047039024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","mag":"2047039024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052176026","display_name":"Ahmed Mekki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-4345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106625","display_name":"National Institute of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/01g454487","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106625"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Mekki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Development and Networks, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","Syst\u00e8mes Tol\u00e9rants aux Fautes"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Development and Networks, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syst\u00e8mes Tol\u00e9rants aux Fautes","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009196110","display_name":"Mohamed Ghazel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106625","display_name":"National Institute of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/01g454487","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106625"]}],"countries":["FR","TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ghazel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Development and Networks, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","\u00c9valuation des Syst\u00e8mes de Transports Automatis\u00e9s et de leur S\u00e9curit\u00e9","Universit\u00e9 de Lille, Sciences et Technologies"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Development and Networks, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9valuation des Syst\u00e8mes de Transports Automatis\u00e9s et de leur S\u00e9curit\u00e9","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille, Sciences et Technologies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057406137","display_name":"Armand Toguy\u00e9ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armand Toguyeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Centrale de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","Syst\u00e8mes Tol\u00e9rants aux Fautes"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Centrale de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syst\u00e8mes Tol\u00e9rants aux Fautes","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052176026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106625"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1328,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91789905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"714","last_page":"723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6438871026039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6168797016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.583193838596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5472856760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duration","display_name":"Duration (music)","score":0.5154982209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.505931556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4825274646282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47854501008987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.47411277890205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.46333399415016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.43740949034690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3494618535041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.263287216424942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19211331009864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.1607443392276764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13933002948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12954801321029663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6438871026039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6168797016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.583193838596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5472856760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.5154982209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.505931556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4825274646282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47854501008987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.47411277890205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.46333399415016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43740949034690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3494618535041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.263287216424942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19211331009864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1607443392276764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13933002948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12954801321029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2011.2178238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00801030v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00801030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2012, 3 (2), pp.714-723. &#x27E8;10.1109/TITS.2011.2178238&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9573277","https://openalex.org/W10978321","https://openalex.org/W575537195","https://openalex.org/W612190370","https://openalex.org/W1488331137","https://openalex.org/W1577525693","https://openalex.org/W1649645444","https://openalex.org/W1863150103","https://openalex.org/W1865292956","https://openalex.org/W1966605965","https://openalex.org/W1981808971","https://openalex.org/W2000947342","https://openalex.org/W2012339561","https://openalex.org/W2023499821","https://openalex.org/W2040238210","https://openalex.org/W2055917661","https://openalex.org/W2081938064","https://openalex.org/W2088664299","https://openalex.org/W2101508170","https://openalex.org/W2103882301","https://openalex.org/W2124789887","https://openalex.org/W2130114202","https://openalex.org/W2130773092","https://openalex.org/W2139203131","https://openalex.org/W2159120688","https://openalex.org/W2164016514","https://openalex.org/W2165035808","https://openalex.org/W2739493253","https://openalex.org/W4233648386","https://openalex.org/W6600384419","https://openalex.org/W6600456065","https://openalex.org/W6618934423","https://openalex.org/W6638908430","https://openalex.org/W6741782271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W618248309","https://openalex.org/W2377336366","https://openalex.org/W1601203902","https://openalex.org/W2075798043","https://openalex.org/W4390419160","https://openalex.org/W2746280673","https://openalex.org/W1594593035","https://openalex.org/W2152996796","https://openalex.org/W2560415449","https://openalex.org/W2037121848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Level":[0],"crossings":[1],"(LCs)":[2],"are":[3,83,207],"considered":[4],"to":[5,46,118,133,175],"be":[6],"a":[7,59,141,164,184],"safety":[8,57,156],"black":[9],"spot":[10],"for":[11,51,62,191,200],"railway":[12,19,30,63],"transportation":[13,68],"since":[14],"LC":[15,32,56,129],"accidents/incidents":[16],"dominate":[17],"the":[18,27,109,127,154,161,192,196,201,205],"accident":[20],"landscape":[21],"in":[22,65,70,121],"Europe,":[23,42],"thus":[24],"considerably":[25],"damaging":[26],"reputation":[28],"of":[29,48,149,157],"transportation.":[31],"accidents":[33,103],"cause":[34],"more":[35],"than":[36],"300":[37],"fatalities":[38],"every":[39],"year":[40],"throughout":[41],"which":[43,99],"represents":[44],"up":[45],"50%":[47],"all":[49],"deaths":[50],"railways.":[52],"That":[53],"is":[54,58,108,126],"why":[55],"major":[60],"concern":[61],"stakeholders":[64],"particular":[66],"and":[67,151,178,195,210],"authorities":[69],"general.":[71],"LCs":[72],"with":[73,86],"an":[74],"important":[75],"traffic":[76],"moment":[77],"<formula":[78],"formulatype=\"inline\"":[79],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[80],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex":[81],"Notation=\"TeX\">$^{1}$</tex></formula>":[82],"generally":[84],"equipped":[85],"automatic":[87],"protection":[88],"systems":[89],"(APSs).":[90],"Here,":[91],"we":[92,139],"focus":[93],"on":[94,167],"two":[95],"main":[96],"risky":[97],"situations,":[98],"have":[100],"caused":[101],"several":[102],"at":[104],"LCs.":[105,158],"The":[106,124],"first":[107],"short":[110],"opening":[111],"duration":[112,131],"between":[113],"successive":[114],"closure":[115,130],"cycles":[116],"relative":[117,132],"trains":[119],"passing":[120],"opposite":[122],"directions.":[123],"second":[125],"long":[128],"slow":[134],"trains.":[135],"In":[136],"this":[137],"paper,":[138],"suggest":[140],"new":[142,162],"APS":[143],"architecture":[144],"that":[145],"prevents":[146],"these":[147],"kinds":[148],"scenarios":[150],"therefore":[152],"increases":[153],"global":[155],"To":[159],"validate":[160],"architecture,":[163],"method":[165,182],"based":[166],"well-formalized":[168],"means":[169],"has":[170],"been":[171],"developed,":[172],"allowing":[173],"us":[174],"obtain":[176],"sound":[177],"trustworthy":[179],"results.":[180],"Our":[181],"uses":[183],"formal":[185,198],"notation,":[186],"i.e.,":[187],"timed":[188],"automata":[189],"(TA),":[190],"specification":[193],"phase":[194],"model-checking":[197],"technique":[199],"verification":[202],"process.":[203],"All":[204],"steps":[206],"progressively":[208],"discussed":[209],"illustrated.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}